Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks †Free Samples to Students

Question: Talk about the Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. Answer: Presentation Remote metropolitan region systems (WMANs) which permits clients to recognize remote systems between a few zones in a city. WMAN can be utilized in situations where wired system become inaccessible. WMANs can use advancements, for example, microwave, millimeter wave, broadband radio, free space and Wi-Fi Hotspots. (Burbank, 2013). This innovation covers significant distance, devoted data transmission and high limit. Its connections incorporate full indoor, full open air, communicate connections and split mount to meet the distinctive customer requirements for metropolitan scale microwave systems (Westcott Coleman, 2015). Cost: introductory expense is moderately lower as in different innovations in light of the fact that no physical segments are required. Information limit: 400(364) Mbps and 800(728) Mbps for High execution microwave radios Offers up to and 1.6Gbps and higher up to 3Gbps for full duplex payload. Administration Area: up to range of 100km Establishment speed: quicker to set up Security: Subject to Electromagnetic and Other Interference Millimeter Wave (MMW) Gives somewhere in the range of 100mbps and 2.5 Gbps data transmission in 60-90 GHz in TodaysMillimeter Wave (MMW) items offers 100Mbps up to 2.5 Gbps throughput in 60-90GHz territory. It is a remote transmission innovation with quick point to point associations. In metropolitan zones with clogged frequencies it gives fast associations (In Kim In Joukov, 2017). Cost: Relatively greater expense than microwave Information limit: 100Mbps to 2.5 Gbps Administration Area: up to sweep of 20km Establishment speed: more slow than microwave Security: Better security and protection contrasted with microwave MIMO OFDM Broadband Radio This innovation works on lower frequencies in the 2-6GHz to offer point to multipoint or highlight point associations. Current innovation furnishes bearer class broadband radio gadgets with limit of 867Mbps in either unlicensed or authorized groups. Broadly utilized in remote ISP, business ventures, CCTV applications and governments. Symmetrical Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an innovation which tends to the issue of sign ricocheting and permits Non-view broadcasting however structures, trees and different structures. It very well may be sent in models like star, transport, work ring among others. MIMO innovation uses a few dimensional streams on comparable recurrence to support paces of information 2-4 times speed of non-MIMO gadgets (Angelescu, 2010). Cost: beginning expense generally high contrasted with different innovations. Information limit: up to 867Mbps Administration Area: up to span of 20km Establishment speed: takes moderately a more extended time Security: Better security and protection contrasted with microwave Free Space Optics This innovation depends on optical correspondence that utilizations changed light to spread information broadcasting through the environment remotely. This varies from fiber optic which uses guided media, for example, fiber to transmit optical signs. This innovation uses infrared light either LED or laser hardware. Free Space Optics commonly utilizes transmission in the infrared groups utilizing either Laser or LED gadgets. It offers high paces of information, unrivaled bar collimation and high force yield. Contrasted with microwave and Millimeter waves, it doesn't experience the ill effects of constriction. Influenced by environmentally conditions, for example, dust tempests, day off thick mist which cutoff points connect unwavering quality between 1-4km relying upon area. Spreads association up to 4km and limit of up to 1.5Gbps (Burbank, 2013). Cost: exceptionally low starting expense Information limit: up to 1.5Gbps Administration Area: up to span of 4km Establishment speed: basic and takes under 60 minutes Security: view activities makes its a safe framework. Suggestion Therefore,if ZeeTech is thinking about actualizing a WMAN innovation at that point microwave is the best. This is on the grounds that it is generally less expensive to introduce contrasted with different advances, higher transfer speed, huge inclusion zone and simplicity of establishment. This will connect every one of its workplaces across Melbourne just as give versatile remote access to the field laborers that need to go between various locales in a city. Reference Westcott, D. A., Coleman, D. D. (2015).CWNA confirmed remote system overseer. Indianapolis, Indiana : John Wiley Sons In Kim, K. J., In Joukov, N. (2017).Mobile and remote advancements. Singapore : Springer. Angelescu, S. (2010).CCNA accreditation across the board for fakers. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Burbank, J. L. (2013).Wireless systems administration: Understanding internetworking challenges. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.

Working Capital Management And Profitability

Working Capital Management And Profitability Working capital administration (WCM) alludes to the executives of an organizations current resources and current liabilities, which is additionally an essential capacity that help firm day by day activity, for example, used to reserves its stock, credit deals, and credit buys. The administration of working capital is significant so as to keep up its liquidity in everyday activity; to guarantee it activity is running easily and meets its commitment (Eljelly, 2004). A firm without adequate income will experience issues to get by later on as it will be not able to pay its commitments. In this way, if a firm doesn't deal with their liquidity position well, it will influence firms development, endurance and productivity (Shafii, 2010). The exchange off among gainfulness and liquidity are fundamental, anyway a large portion of the organizations extreme target is to expand benefit, while ignoring the issue of liquidity. One goal ought not be cost of the other in light of the fact that them two have their significant (Raheman Nasr, 2007). Jose et al. (1996) likewise call attention to this reality saying firms with gleaming long haul possibilities and sound primary concerns don't stay dissolvable without great liquidity the executives. For these explanation WCM ought to be given legitimate thought. Be that as it may, the administration of working capital is perplexing as it needs to deal with various parts which are between connected to every others. The administration needs to worry on account receivables, account payables, inventories and money, as modifying one part will influence the others. Consequently, firms need to distinguish the ideal degree of working capital that can expand firms esteem (Afza and Nazir, 200 7). As per Ganesan (2007), improvement of working capital methods minimisation of related expenses and amplification of related salary. Productive WCM will build firms free income, which thusly expands the organizations development openings and come back to investors. Thus, effective WCM is essential so as to keeping up firms endurance, liquidity, dissolvability and benefit. In this way, WCM has huge impact to firms execution. Research Question Does the past proof indicating a connection among WCM and productivity remain constant in Malaysian Listed Companies - assembling and administrations enterprises. 1.2 AIM The point of this examination is to give exact proof of the connection among WCM and gainfulness in an example of Malaysian recorded organizations by taking a gander at the assembling and administrations ventures. The money transformation cycle (CCC) will be the pointer of firms liquidity which is an exhaustive measure, with the goal that ready to distinguish the most significant variable that will influence CCC for two distinct businesses. 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY Look at the connection between the CCC and firm gainfulness. Look at the connection between CCC segments which are account receivables, creditor liability and stock turnover period with firms productivity. Research whether the two enterprises have a similar impact on the relations. 1.4 RATIONAL OF THIS STUDY Broad observational research on WCM has been done far and wide generally and those looks into had given changed outcomes on the connection among WCM and gainfulness. As the examinations on the information embrace from Ernst Young, 2010 uncovers that WCM shift across various enterprises. The examination likewise gives noteworthy proof that various firms or segments embrace various ways to deal with WCM. Along these lines, various firms will utilize various methodologies and methodology to deal with their working capital, for example, those organizations that is less serious will decide to limit their receivable so as to expand their income. While for those organizations that relies upon provider will boost their payable record. Hence, the effect of different working capital components on firms execution from Malaysia viewpoint may be distinctive because of dissimilarity business condition and culture between different nations. Other than that, there are barely any variables that may impact firm working capital, for example, nature of business, creation arrangement, creation cycle, credit approach, and accessibility of gracefully (Rama, 2009). Nature of Business The idea of business between various ventures or firms is unique. In this manner, working capital prerequisite required, likewise unique among various enterprises or firm. For instance, fabricating is the creations of the item where the stock can be keep in the stockroom. While administrations are the administrations given to client which can't be put away. It likewise doesn't have interest in either crude materials, work in progress (WIP) or completed products. Other than that, it additionally includes in prompt acknowledgment of money after the administrations are given, which implies there will be less records receivables is exists. In here, it very well may be accepted that administrations will have lower working capital prerequisite. [low wc, more hazard n return] This is additionally demonstrated by John Louie Ramos Creation Policy The administration of cordiality limit (stock) is troublesome when contrasted with assembling firm because of fluctuating interest design. For instance, for administration industry their stock is room accessibility. The quantity of rooms in an inn is fixed, when the room is empty, they will lose the odds of acquiring cash and the stock during the period is squandered. In the mean time, the administrations gave to client can't be store. Other than that, if the interest for the room is more than gracefully, they needed to lose the salary as they can't deliver the stock dependent on request. While for the assembling firm, they can create their stock dependent on the regular interest. They can create more inventories during the pinnacle request and less during slow times of year. At that point, the firm will have low working capital during slow time of year. While for those firm that have fixed stock creation approach which means produce a similar amount of stock to fulfill the pinnacle need, at that point the firm will have enormous amassing of stock during the slow times of year. The enormous gathering of stock will build the measure of working capital. Along these lines, the creation arrangement will influence the firm and industry working capital prerequisite. Creation Cycle The time and procedure engaged with production of merchandise will likewise influence firm working capital prerequisite as more reserve is expected to contribute, all together for the merchandise to be finished in time and in great quality. Credit Policy Credit arrangement additionally one of the variables that will influence firm or industry working capital necessities which it decide the organizations receivables. For administrations industry, it will have low working capital as it included money deals while for assembling the working capital prerequisite will rely upon the organizations credit strategy. On the off chance that the firm offer short credit period, at that point it will just need low working capital and the other way around. Accessibility of flexibly The accessibility of stock, for example, crude materials will influence firm working capital necessities. In the event that the accessibility of crude materials is effectively to acquire, at that point firm can keep up low stock which mean just need low working capital. In any case, in the event that the degree of flexibly is difficult to anticipate or get, at that point the firm needed to keep a lot of stock in their distribution center so as to stay away from the lack of creation. Hence, the firm need huge measure of working capital. Along these lines, this investigation is to look at the distinctions of the WCM between to the two enterprises and connection among liquidity and benefit in Malaysia recorded organization. 2. Writing REVIEW 2.1 WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT Working capital speaks to wellbeing pad for suppliers of momentary assets of the firm. Without a legitimate administration of working capital, it will have money deficiencies and will bring about trouble in paying its commitments, particularly in the serious business universes these days (FPR, 2010). Other than that these days, most organizations regularly don't consider improving liquidity the executives until them faces monetary emergency or turning out to be on the edge of liquidation. So as to settle on quality choice and make due in the long haul, firm should consolidate vital arranging with far reaching information by utilizing both budgetary and non-money related information. Working capital and liquidity the executives is significant for all organizations either are little, medium or enormous firm. As money is the most fluid resource in a firm, along these lines effective liquidity the executives includes arranging and controlling firms current resources meets its present liabilities is fundamental with the goal that firm won't unnecessary put resources into transient back and maintain a strategic distance from danger of powerlessness to meet its momentary commitment. Besides an effective WCM empower firm to limit the requirement for outside financing as the outer financing contains money related hazard. By alluding to the hazard and return hypothesis (Pettengill et al, 1995), higher hazard ventures will bring about more significant yields and the other way around. Henceforth, firms with low liquidity of working capital may have higher hazard then high benefit. Alternately, high liquidity of working capital may confront generally safe at that point low g ainfulness. Consequently, firm should mull over all the present resources and current liabilities when settling on money related dynamic and attempt to adjust the hazard and return. Accordingly, notwithstanding benefit, liquidity the board is indispensable for progressing concern. Working capital administration includes stock administration, money the executives and credit the executives. A nitty gritty of those segments will be talked about underneath: 2.1.1 INVENTORY MANAGEMENT Stock administration is fundamental for organizations, without appropriate control and the executives of the stock will prompt difficult issues looking by the firm. For instance, if the stock doesn't oversaw appropriately or in an effective way, it might postpone firms creation process, lost of significant client, client disappointment, or potentially bring about working capital abridgement (Richard A, 1978). Stock comprises of crude material, WIP an

Hitler and the Failed Beer putches Essay Example

Hitler and the Failed Beer putches Essay With the disappointment of the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler immediately understood, that so as to acquire total political force, he expected to work calmly inside the Weimar Republic. The Sturmabteilung was a basic piece of his way towards power, yet once Hitler became despot with German help, the S.A. was not, at this point filled any need in the new extremist government.The accomplishment of the transformation, local control, and the one ideological group arrangement in Hitlers Fascist tyranny, were all factors that lead to the disposal of the Sturmabteilung. The officers of the S.A. were a central point in the accomplishment of the National Socialist Revolution. In spite of Hitlers confirmation that the S.A. would not contend with the Reichswehr Army of the Weimar Republic in Document A1, the fast ascent in Brownshirts and the tremendous size of the S.A. Armed force contrasted with the Reichswehr Army, showed in Document A2, connoted the quality of the National Socialist Revolution. I n Document A4 Hitler guaranteed that the single assignment of the S.A. was to guarantee the triumph of the National Socialist Revolution inside Germany. Be that as it may, Hitlers appreciation towards Roehm is an aftereffect of Roehms capacity to expand Hitlers power. When Hitler became Chancellor, the significance of the S.A. reduced. In Document B4, General von Blomberg guaranteed that the Reichswehr Army would back the new national communists state. With the help of the Reichswehr Army, it was not, at this point important to have an isolated S.A. Armed force. As Chancellor, Hitler gradually incorporated the two armed forces by focusing on the significance of dedication by putting the insignia on the regalia of the Reichwehr Army, and permitting the clergyman of war to call upon the S.A., as appeared in Documents B1 and B2. Hitler, acknowledging he was near acquiring outright force, started to solidify different restricting gatherings, for example, Bolshevik Communists and Liberal Capitalists. In spite of the fact that the S.A. was not the slightest bit a resistance to Hitler, it was

The Unexposed Secret of Questbridge Essay Samples

The Unexposed Secret of Questbridge Essay Samples The Importance of Questbridge Essay Samples Nobody is supposed to take a person's life since they didn't give life. If you don't feel as if you have enough time to write essays by yourself, we will assist you, any instance of the day, seven days per week. To steer clear of these, take time to consider about what makes you unique. Unfortunately, there'll never be enough space to inform your complete story. It is possible to come across narrative essay examples wherever you locate a great story. The way the topic affected you'll play a huge part in the way you will write your essay. Make certain to read your essay and make certain it is logical. Writing a high school essay if you've got the tips about how to do essay effectively. Our aim is to supply you with a professionally written essay on this issue you require. It is far better read through several narrative essay examples in order to get the one which best matches the format which you're writing your essay in. Questbridge Essay Samples Secrets Remember that a misspelled word may itself be the right spelling of a different word your spell check may not catch these kinds of errors. For instance, some of them just have zero time to deal with dozens of assignments that keep bombarding from every side. You have to find the most suitable resources for your essay along with patience when finding the proper inspiration to write. An essay with major errors or even consistent minor mistakes will make it hard for readers to concentrate on the story you're trying to let them know about yourself. If your aim is to pass the GED, then you have to learn about test-taking strategies. Admitted students who choose to enroll will be asked to submit official score r eports. Have a look at our very first instance of how to answer Why Northwestern here. Scholarship college freshman most essential part of narrative writing. It doesn't need to be explicit you don't need to explain how every paragraph is related to the typical thread. There's no fixed number of body paragraphs for an essay and a great paragraph has one central point. This is done most effectively when there's a frequent thread that's concluded at the conclusion of your essay. You need to read the example answers to acquire ideas about what are good forms of answers and what are bad varieties of answers. First and foremost it's vital to ensure that you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. First of all, we suggest narrowing your focus to a couple important ideas or topics. Sometimes you might not know that you've strayed off topic. Also, try to remember that a topic does not need to be especially thrilling to be unique. This experience can help you make strategic decisions about which subject lessons you must learn. Let's say your topic is to explore an extracurricular activity that has played a massive effect on your life. The progression of the disease differs for each patient and at times contributes to an early death, but almost always results in big disabilities. The reasons might be absolutely different. When you finish the Common Application, you are going to select people to offer your recommendations. Untimely delivery It's mostly marked that these services are difficult to rely upon because of their untimel y shipping. Adoption is an alternate solution. It is a better alternative in this case.

How to Write Essays about Ancient Civilization

How to Write Essays about Ancient Civilization To make your essay about ancient civilization effective you need to construct it in appropriate way according to the academic rules and bring arguments supported by evidence. Below we present the most important steps for writing a successful essay on ancient civilization. First of all, you need to choose a topic that correlates with the general theme of the essay. While choosing a topic you need to take into your account abundance of the current research, availability of the sources and your interest in the subject. It is very important to choose the subject that is interesting for you and that you understand well. The complex subject that you are not interested in will not bring you high grades, because the essay won’t be deep and effective enough. It is of high importance to organize the structure of your essay properly. Compose the outline and follow it during writing. Be sure to devote a large part of your work to describing and interpreting your methods and findings. This way your readers will understand not only the subject of your work, but also your specific approach to answering the goals set for it. If you will concentrate your primary research on the chosen ancient civilization, it will increase the value of your work. Analyze the sources and compare the attitudes of the previous researchers. This will help you understand the topic better and to write the essay in more effective way. During the process of writing strictly follow the outline of the work. If you will focus on the subject and stick to the topic, it will be easier to write the essay in argumentative or analytical style. In this case, you will get better marks demonstrating both knowledge of ancient history and abilities to concentrate on the subject and to make your contribution into the given scientific discipline.

Implication Of Hand Hygeine Compliance Program. How Can We Make It

Essays on Implication Of Hand Hygeine Compliance Program. How Can We Make It Better Term Paper Hand Hygiene Compliance Program: Implications and Ways of Improvement Hand Hygiene Compliance Program: Implications and Ways of Improvement For a long time, hand hygiene among health care workers is pivotal in preventing transmission of infectious agents but despite a Center for Disease Control joint commission requirement on hand hygiene guidelines implemented in hospitals, compliance among health care workers remains low. According to studies, that hospitals may best improve compliance by assessing the barriers to, measuring the rates of compliance, educating staff on the importance of hand hygiene, making sanitizing products more available for staff use, and holding staff accountable. The CDC’s latest guideline includes two major new recommendations: 1. Health care workers should use alcohol-based hand sanitizers for routine hand disinfection when hands are visibly soiled, and 2. Health care facilities should establish ongoing monitoring programs for hand hygiene compliance (Haas and Larson, 2008). Medline’s Hand Hygiene Compliance Program which addresses the primary defense against healthcare-acquired conditions, includes an intensive education module developed by an expert panel of professionals which provides health care workers with tools, education and awareness of proper hand hygiene to increase compliance rates and decrease spread of infection. Among the free benefits of this program is an online educational program with modules and interactive competencies, an access to 200+ free CE Credits Experience additional online education from their university ( including access to over two hundred courses that include CE credits), and a Facility Awareness and Tools Placards to promote proper hand hygiene to staff members, patients and visitors. Direct observation cannot be considered a gold standard for assessing hand hygiene, because there was no relationship between observed adherence and number of dispensing episodes or the used product volum e (Medline, 2012).Use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers has increased the convenience of hand hygiene and made it less time-consuming since sinks become less needed and dispensers are small and accessible at every stage of patient care (some dispensers can be worn or carried in a pocket). An observational study in two ICUs by Earl, etc. established that availability of alcohol-based hand sanitizers "resulted in a sustained increase in hand antisepsis rates among health care workers." Boyce and colleagues compared the effects of either using an alcohol-based sanitizer or washing hands with the hospitals unmedicated soap and found out that the former was less damaging to nurses skin (Earl et al., 2001).In an observational study in Geneva, Switzerland, Pittet and colleagues measured the rates of hand hygiene compliance before and during a hand hygiene improvement program implementation. The program has increased compliance rates from 48% to 66% in three years and significantly decreased the number of hospital-acquired infections. 11,17. The multidisciplinary and multifaceted promotion involved the display of color posters in 250 hospital locations being collaborated by Health care workers whose ideas (i.e. hand hygiene, hospital-acquired infections, and protecting hands with creams, etc.) were translated by an artist into cartoon-like messages. The program also prioritized the increase of availability of alcohol-based hand sanitizer bottles at each bedside and also provided pocket-sized bottles to staff. Hand hygiene convenience also increased upon enhancement of the accessibility of hand sanitizers (Pittet et al., 1999; Pittet et al., 2000).The most important factor in the program’s success may be due to the administrative hospital-wide prioritization, some funding, encouraging the participation of senior staff, and voicing support for the program. Improving compliance for hand hygiene requires leadership, collaboration, accessibility of hand hygiene produ cts, feedback on compliance and infection rates, and individual accountability.ReferencesEarl, M.L., et al. (2001). Improved rates of compliance with hand antisepsis guidelines: a three-phase observational study. Am J Nurs, 101(3), 26-33.Haas, J.P. and Larson, E.L. (2008). Compliance with hand hygiene guidelines: where are we in 2008? American Journal of Nursing, 108(8), 40 – 44.Medline (2012). Hand hygiene compliance program. Retrieved September 25, 2012, from http://www.medline.com/programs/hand-hygiene-compliance-program/Pittet, D., et al. (1999). Compliance with hand washing in a teaching hospital: infection control program. Ann Intern Med, 130(2), 126-30. Pittet D, et al. (2000). Effectiveness of a hospital-wide program to improve compliance with hand hygiene: infection control program. Lancet, 356 (9238), 1307-12.

Effects of Leadership Styles on Organisational Productivity

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Leadership Styles on Organisational Productivity. Answer: Introduction Leadership plays the most significant role in achieving the fruitful productivity of an organisation. The efficient leadership style establishes the transparent communication process, which is an essential part of the organisational functionalities (Clarke, 2013). An efficient leader visualises the potentiality within the individuals and brings the best performance outcomes. This study determines the establishment of the future profession in engineering field. I have set my ambition of being a manager in the engineering field. After pursuing my career as a mechanical engineer for several years, I have gathered enough experiences for becoming a manager in this specific domain. This study would present the ideas of the suitable leadership style that will guide a mechanical engineer to be an efficient manager in the engineering domain. As opined by Davenport (2013), engineering is one of the most effective work domains that help in generating more revenues for the organisations. Moreove r, the critical activities associated with the engineering management are required to be performed in an effective way. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the concentration on the management functionalities and the effective leadership styles to determine the expected outcomes. Therefore, the study will shed lights in the proper methodology and the literature based information to understand the underlying concept. The findings derived from such secondary data collection process will be analysed to conclude with proper recommendation. The aim and objectives of the study will be focused to make the critical analysis of the documented information. Background of the Issue and Justification People need to derive the clear and conscience idea while selecting the future professions. The ambitious minds always tends to identify the most innovative and efficient way of achieving the goals. Therefore, it is necessary to select the future profession wisely. I have selected my future profession as the manager in the engineering organisation. I believe that I need to gather more information and guidance to become an efficient leader on this domain. It is noticed that the current volatile market has been transforming the demands of the stakeholders. In the engineering management procedure, the associated engineers face the diversified challenges much frequently (Lopp, 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to ensure the proper guidance and leading capabilities that will help them to move ahead with justified skills and efficiency. Moreover, it will be helpful enough for the organisations that are looking forward to expand the business globally. The individuals need to be highly skilled and ethically competent to take u the engineering management as the future profession. Anitha (2014) opined that the individuals need to be much responsible towards the organisational functionalities and managing other associates. It is essential for the individual to derive the sufficient knowledge about the practical application and experiences during the crucial scenario. The manager in an organisation plays the integral role in managing the functionalities. An efficient manager concentrates on the employee development process by providing proper guidance. Neubert et al. (2015) implied that the mechanical engineers have to perform more complex activities in their regular professional lives. The supportive attitude towards the employees can bring the most efficient performance outcomes that are beneficial for achieving organisational aspects. Hence, the major concern is to identify the most fruitful leadership style adopted by the managers that will be beneficial for each of the employees associated with the organisational functionalities. Leadership is the integral part of the organisational functionalities that develop the organisational culture and ensure high productivity. The application of the justified leadership styles is necessary for undertaking an operational process in an effective way. An efficient manager requires maintaining the necessary responsibilities for achieving success in a complex business scenario (Strom, Sears Kelly, 2014). Therefore, the study will help in recognising the justified leadership style that will be beneficial in achieving high productivity parameter. Employee welfare and supports are necessary for achieving the determined organisational goals. The major aim of the study is to identify how the efficient leadership styles can ensure organisational productivity in the field of mechanical engineering. Research Objectives To describe the types of the leadership styles in the organisations To recognise the suitable leadership style for the mechanical engineering department To determine the impact of efficient leadership style on organisational productivity Concept of leadership Leadership management is an influential process in an organisation that guides the individuals towards achieving the personal and professional goals. According to Lo et al. (2015), leadership is an organisational process, which influence other associates to perform much efficiently and accomplish the determined objectives. It is to be indicated that the most effective leadership style helps in organising the business functionalities in a cohesive and coherent manner. The well formed and skilled leader has the capability of inspiring other individuals in the organisation and providing enormous support for developing the organisational culture in a significant way. The business complexities are increasing much significantly in current times. Therefore, the innovations and unique strategy implementation have become necessary. Organisations need to keep the focus on recruiting the skilled people who have the superior knowledge about the business activities in the respective domains (Lasc hinger and Fida 2014). The leaders have to take the responsibility of guiding these people with proper efficiency and motivate them to bring the most effective performance outcomes. Typologies of Leadership styles The leadership styles are classified into different divisions based on the characteristics and attribute of the leaders. These diverse leadership styles have both the advantages and disadvantages in many ways. The determined goals and organisational culture determine the preferable leadership styles that are needed to be undertaken (Hogg, Van Knippenberg Rast, 2012). There are five types of the leadership styles that are followed by the managers to manage the organisational activities. These different types of leadership styles are described further: A laissez Faire leader usually does not take the regular feedback from the employees performance and lacks the direct supervision. The highly experienced employees are directed under the supervision of the laissez faire leaders (Furtner, Baldegger, Rauthmann, 2013). The leaders are completely reliable and depended on the employees performance skills. However, it is to be noted that not every employee possess such high skilled characteristics and professionalisms. Hence, the leadership style hinders the employees production more significantly. It may even affect the organisational productivity. The leadership style lacks the control over the employees. Moreover, the leadership style requires more investments on training sessions for making the employees more efficient. The participative leadership style often interpreted as the democratic leadership that values the input of the associated employees. Assembling the responses of the associated personnel and the staffs together, the leaders make the decision for organisational welfare. Skogstad et al. (2014) implied that the democratic leadership style boosts up the employees spirit and make them feel more reliable towards the performance. The contribution of the employees to make the organisational decision is highly appreciated by the democratic leader. Especially, the participative leadership style is much effective during the change management procedure. The employees accept the change easily since they contribute much effectively to facilitate the changing management scenario. In fact, this leadership style is much helpful for the organisation whenever any quick decisions are needed to be undertaken within a short time span. Autocratic The autocratic leadership style signifies the participation of the manager in making the organisational decision. The managers take the full authority to organise the functionalities and lead the associated members. There is no scope of challenging the decisions of the leaders in this leadership style (De Hoogh, Greer Den Hartog, 2015). For example, the organisations in the countries like North Korea, China, and Cuba follow such leadership style (Boykins et al., 2013). The leaders determine that the autocratic style helps in retaining control over the employees and establishing the closer supervision. In some of the cases, this leadership style demoralises the employees contribution towards organisational productivity. Transformational The transformation leadership style signifies the establishment of the effective communication from the management level to accomplish the determined goals. The transformational leaders encourage the associated members to enhance the productivity parameter and maintain the efficiency level through high visibility and proper communication. The involvement of the high management is also an essential part in order to accomplish the personal and professional goals (Dumdum, Lowe, Avolio, 2013). In this leadership style, the leaders usually concentrate on the bigger picture within an organisation. Moreover, the leaders identify the fruitful strategies of delegating the smaller tasks that will be beneficial for meeting the organisational objectives. The transactional leaders pay attention towards several specific tasks and accordingly provide rewards and punishments based on the performance parameter. The managers have to take the responsibility to make the associated members aware of the organisational goals. The members need motivations for achieving the pre-determined goals. The positive performance outcomes will be appreciated with rewards (Choudhary, Akhtar, Zaheer, 2013). On the other hand, if any employee fails to meet the goals, the leader has the authority to put a penalty. The managers review the results and determine whether the employees need to be more trained or monitored. The employees receive the rewards that motivate them towards accomplishing the organisational objectives. Effectiveness of the leadership style on organisational productivity Application of the effective leadership styles is necessary for each of the organisation. Pierro, Raven, Amato Blanger (2013) explained that the leaders need to acquire the most effective communication skills that are necessary for making the employees aware of the organisational goals. On the other hand, (Furtner, Baldegger, and Rauthmann (2013) argued that the besides the effective communication skills, the efficient leaders need to be a motivational factor that will lead the employees towards the success. However, it is still argued that establishing the communication transparency is much beneficial in making the clear approaches regarding the organisational functionalities. When the employees are motivated towards the work, it will generate high organisational productivity. Therefore, it can be inferred that application of the suitable leadership style can enhance organisational productivity. Gap in the Literature The extracted ideas from the journal articles provide the insightful knowledge about the efficient leadership styles that have the significant impact on organisational productivity. However, the literature study is still limited since it does not provide the information about the maintenance of the organisational productivity at the optimum level. The study is somewhat presenting the impacts of the different leadership styles on enhancing productivity. Research Methodology Research methodology is the structured and sequential process of assembling the relevant information for the study. The methodology provides the contextual ideas about the proper method that is applicable for gathering and analysing the necessary information (Bryman Bell, 2015). The methodology also suggests the scheduled time frame, which will be followed to complete the entire study. The research philosophy is classified into three different typologies, such as realism, positivism, and interpretivism. This research is conducted by applying the positivism philosophy, which reveals the hidden truth (Edson, Henning Sankaran, 2016). On the other hand, research approach is divided into two forms, such as deductive and inductive approach. The study is based on the secondary research process and it is necessary to concentrate on the theoretical perspectives. Deductive Approach provides the information based on the theoretical concepts. The study is associated with the various types of t he theory based analysis. Hence, application of the deductive approach for this study will be much relevant and appropriate. The next segment of research methodology is the research design, which is classified into three divisions, such as exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive (Creswell, 2013). The major focus of the research techniques is to fulfil the research objectives and determine the conclusion. The study is based on the in-depth analysis of the leadership styles that have the significant impacts on the organisational productivity. The use of the descriptive design focuses on the underlying concept and the hypothetical value of understanding the subject matter. Therefore, the application of the descriptive design will be justified for completing this study. The study explores the effectiveness of the leadership styles that have the significant impacts on the organisational productivity. In order to conduct this research study, it is necessary to collect the secondary data and understand the underlying concepts. The study is thus based on the secondary research method. The research study will be conducted by gathering the relevant information from journal articles, books, newspaper articles, and website sources (Creswell, 2013). The online and offline sources contain the leadership case scenario of different organisations. Moreover, the secondary research study represents the thematic analysis, which points out the underlying issues faced by the skilled managers in the organisations. It depicts whether the leadership attribute can bring more efficiency in an organisational context. The use of the secondary analysis is thus appropriate for this research study. The further section of the study will present the findings derived from the the matic analysis. Time Frame Activities Week 1-2 Week 3-5 Week 6 Week 7-9 Week 10 Week 11-12 Week 13-14 Selecting the Topic Layout Development Review of Literature Research Plan Development Research Process Selection Data Collection Technique Selection Data Analysis Technique Selection Data Findings Conclusion Final Submission Table 1: Time Frame (Source: Created by Author) Findings from Secondary Analysis The study is mainly focusing on the effectiveness of the leadership styles on the organisational productivity. The research study discusses about the significant attribute of the manager from mechanical engineering domain. The engineering domain includes more complex working scenario and needs more innovations in the business process. Therefore, it is essential to identify the most suitable leadership style that can enhance the organisational productivity. Accordingly, the study recognises two specific themes that can justify the business procedure in a mechanical engineering domain. It is already mentioned that the mechanical engineering business deals with many of the innovations and complexities. Therefore, it is essential to recognise the most preferable leadership style that is needed to be undertaken by the manager. According to Hoch and Kozlowski (2014), in the engineering domain, the leaders need to be high skilled, innovators, and efficient enough to handle the complex business functions. Herrmann and Felfe (2014) believe that the engineers can be the most suitable people for being managers in future. The capability of handling the business complexities, frequent innovations, and a detailed attention shapes up a leader for accomplishing the organisational goals. However, the major discussion in this theme is to identify the most suitable leadership style in mechanical engineering process. Reid (2016) described that the mechanical engineering process is much complex and the managers require bringing frequent innovations to survive in current business scenario. It is necessary for the business companies to identify the suitable leadership style. Concentrating on the different leadership styles along with the business needs of the mechanical engineering domain, the transformational leadership style can be used in a justified manner. De Poel, Stoker and Van der Zee (2014) argued that the transformational leadership style provides the significant opportunity to the individuals and encourage them to bring more business innovations. It is even helpful for developing the professional and personal attributes of the employees that will pay off in future. The article also highlights that the transformational leaders are involved with frequent and closer supervision process. Therefore, the employees receive the proper guidance for evaluating the innovative business ideas. The tra nsformational leaders maintain the high level of communicational transparency that encourages the employees to preset their concerns (Simonet Tett, 2013). The major limitation in this article is it does not include the method of maintaining the feedback process for the performed activities. It is necessary to understand the basic method of keeping the information of the employees that are needed to be addressed. The leaders need to find out the most efficient way of communicating with the employees and make them updated with the business innovation procedure. Leaders play the most significant role in shaping the organisational functionalities. The efficient contribution of the leaders can bring changes in the organisational scenario (Tung, 2014). While discussing the effectiveness of leadership styles in the organisational context, it si necessary to shed lights on the organisational functionalities. The engineers need to analyse each of the business activities with detailed information. The complexities in the business procedures are sometimes affect the business environment. The repeated changing demands of the business world become much hectic. Reid (2016) opined that the efficient leader can manage such challenging scenario by engaging the information and ideas of the associated employees. However, in order to achieve such purposes, it is necessary to provide the employees proper encouragement that will reflect in their performance outcomes (MacIntyre, 2016). When the employees receive the proper guidance and the motivations from the upper management level or the leaders, they tend to focus on their performance parameter. Moreover, an efficient leader provides the significant opportunity to the employees to prove the potentiality and develop the career with proper appreciation. The journal, the effects of leadership styles and budget participation on job satisfaction and job performance, indicates that this procedure is much beneficial in improving the organisational culture and ensuring more profitability (Reid, 2016). The argument present in this article signifies that the employees can bring the innovations in the business procedure if they receive the proper training and closer supervision of the leaders. Maintaining such consequences will be effective enough in motivating the employees and encouraging them to fulfil their personal and professional goals. Simultaneously, it will create impacts on the overall productivity of the organisation. The above theme analysis specifies the impacts of the leadership styles on organisational productivity with the special reference of mechanical engineering domain. The information and the limitation associated in the secondary sources are pointed out in this section of the study. Concentrating on the findings derived from the secondary analysis, the study will discuss the findings derived from the literature based information. The collaboration of these findings will ensure the fruitful recommendation for being a capable and efficient leader. Discussion of the Findings derived from Literature Review The literature review mainly concentrates in the theoretical background of the subject matter. The study focuses on the impacts of leadership styles on organisational productivity. The discussion determines that the leaders adopt the different types of leadership attributes that have the significant impacts on the employees and the organisational activities. However, the leaders share the similar vision of accomplishing the business objectives. Employees are the major resources of an organisation. The leaders need to maintain the responsibility of managing these employees and motivate them enough to enhance the organisational productive. The autocratic leadership style ensures the full authority of the leaders and no one can challenge the decision (Nanjundeswaraswamy Swamy, 2014). The employees are sometimes unable to cope with such decisions sometimes. It discourages the presence and participation of the employees. On the other hand, the transformational leadership style is much pr eferable for the employees since it is associated with the personal and professional development of the workforce in an organisation (Vermeeren, Kuipers Steijn, 2014). It is noted that the transformational leaders lead the employees towards achieving the business goals which automatically serves as the significant method of developing the personal attributes. Therefore, it is essential for the managers to select the leadership style wisely. The leaders need to keep the focus on the detailed information that will help in enhancing the organisational productivity. The application of the findings from the literature study with the thematic analysis specifies that the leaders need to bring more innovations in the business process to enhance the productivity parameter. More specifically, in case of engineering domain, the skilled performance outcomes of the employees are necessary for handling the complex business environment. The efficient leaders have the capability of encouraging the workforce to manage such complexities and enhance the organisational productivity (Nanjundeswaraswamy, Swamy 2014). The concentration on the proper leadership attribute is necessary to lead or guide the workforce. Conclusion The contribution of the leaders in an organisational context is much important for each of the organisations. The efficient leadership style can enhance the organisational productivity much significantly. Mechanical engineering domain often deals with the complex business procedures. It is necessary to bring more innovations in business functionalities to ensure the organisational productivity. Accordingly, the selected leader needs to be capable of bringing more innovations in the business and guide the workforce to cooperate with such scenario. The information received from secondary analysis and literature based study, it is noted that the transformational leaders are bringing the workforce together to gather more innovative business ideas. The assimilations of these unique business ideas are much helpful for dealing with a complex business scenario. Moreover, the transformational leadership style helps in developing the personal and professional attributes of the employees by undertaking the closer supervision of their activities. Consequently, the organisation ensures more productivity, which leads towards achieving the pre-determined objectives. The major focus of a transformational leader is to motivate the employees and bring the best performance outcome. Simultaneously, the transformational leaders concentrate on the innovative procedures and change management scenario, which are essential for sustaining the competitive position of an organisation. The mechanical engineering is a different domain, which deals with the repeatedly changing business functionalities and high skilled technicalities. Hence, as a manager, it is important to focus on such demands to fulfil the goals and enhance the organisational producti vity. References Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Boykins, C., Campbell, S., Moore, M., Nayyar, S. (2013). An empirical study of leadership styles.Journal of Economic Development, Management, IT, Finance, and Marketing,5(2), 1. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Choudhary, A. I., Akhtar, S. A., Zaheer, A. (2013). Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organizational performance: A comparative analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), 433-440. Clarke, S. (2013). Safety leadership: A meta?analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), 22-49. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Davenport, T. H. (2013).Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. De Hoogh, A. H., Greer, L. L., Den Hartog, D. N. (2015). Diabolical dictators or capable commanders? An investigation of the differential effects of autocratic leadership on team performance.The Leadership Quarterly,26(5), 687-701. De Poel, F. M., Stoker, J. I., Van der Zee, K. I. (2014). Leadership and organizational tenure diversity as determinants of project team effectiveness.Group Organization Management,39(5), 532-560. Dumdum, U. R., Lowe, K. B., Avolio, B. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition. pp. 39-70. Edson, M. C., Henning, P. B., Sankaran, S. (Eds.). (2016).A guide to systems research: Philosophy, processes and practice(Vol. 10). Springer. Furtner, M. R., Baldegger, U., Rauthmann, J. F. (2013). Leading yourself and leading others: Linking self-leadership to transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,22(4), 436-449. Herrmann, D., Felfe, J. (2014). Effects of leadership style, creativity technique and personal initiative on employee creativity.British Journal of Management,25(2), 209-227. Hoch, J. E., Kozlowski, S. W. (2014). Leading virtual teams: Hierarchical leadership, structural supports, and shared team leadership.Journal of applied psychology,99(3), 390. Hogg, M. A., Van Knippenberg, D., Rast, D. E. (2012). Intergroup leadership in organizations: Leading across group and organizational boundaries.Academy of Management Review,37(2), 232-255. Laschinger, H.K.S. and Fida, R., 2014. A time-lagged analysis of the effect of authentic leadership on workplace bullying, burnout, and occupational turnover intentions.European Journal of work and organizational psychology,23(5), pp.739-753. Lo, M. C., Abang Azlan, M., Ramayah, T., Wang, Y. C. (2015). Examining the Effects of Leadership, Market Orientation and Leader Member Exchange (LMX) on Organisational Performance.Engineering Economics,26(4), 409-421. Lopp, M. (2016).Managing Humans: Biting and Humorous Tales of a Software Engineering Manager. Apress. MacIntyre, P. (2016). Advancing Leaders in Engineering: Ways of Learning Leadership. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching Learning Journal, 8(3). Nanjundeswaraswamy, T. S., Swamy, D. R. (2014). Leadership styles.Advances In Management,7(2), 57. Neubert, J. C., Mainert, J., Kretzschmar, A., Greiff, S. (2015). The assessment of 21st century skills in industrial and organizational psychology: Complex and collaborative problem solving.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,8(02), 238-268. Pierro, A., Raven, B. H., Amato, C., Blanger, J. J. (2013). Bases of social power, leadership styles, and organizational commitment.International Journal of Psychology,48(6), 1122-1134. Reid, J. (2016). The effects of leadership styles and budget participation on job satisfaction and job performance.Asia-Pacific Management Accounting Journal,3(1). Simonet, D. V., Tett, R. P. (2013). Five Perspectives on the LeadershipManagement Relationship A Competency-Based Evaluation and Integration. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 20(2), 199-213. Skogstad, A., Hetland, J., Glas, L., Einarsen, S. (2014). Is avoidant leadership a root cause of subordinate stress? Longitudinal relationships between laissez-faire leadership and role ambiguity.Work Stress,28(4), 323-341. Strom, D. L., Sears, K. L., Kelly, K. M. (2014). Work engagement: The roles of organizational justice and leadership style in predicting engagement among employees.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,21(1), 71-82. Tung, R. (2014). Requisites to and ways of developing a global mind-set: implications for research on leadership and organizations.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,21(4), 229-337. Vermeeren, B., Kuipers, B., Steijn, B. (2014). Does leadership style make a difference? Linking HRM, job satisfaction, and organizational performance.Review of Public Personnel Administration,34(2), 174-195.

Iran Awakening free essay sample

History of the Middle East â€Å"Iran Awakening† â€Å"One Woman’s Journey to Reclaim Her Life and Country† This book, â€Å"Iran Awakening†, is a novel written by Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi. Ebadi weaves the story of her life in a very personal and unique way, telling the account of the overthrow of the shah and the establishment of a new, religious fundamentalist regime in which opposition to the government are imprisoned, tortured, and murdered. By simply reading the Prologue, one can see the love Ebadi has for Iran and her people. This love that Ebadi has for the oppressed of Iran is a theme that appears throughout the book and seems to be a large factor behind her drive to stand up for those who cannot stand up for themselves. In the first chapter, Ebadi recounts her childhood from her birth on June 21st, 1947 in Hamedan, to her childhood in Tehran. Something that may come as a surprise to a reader was the equality between male and female in Ebadi’s home. We will write a custom essay sample on Iran Awakening or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This equality, however, was not common in most Iranian households, â€Å"Male children enjoyed an exalted status, spoiled and cosseted†¦ They often felt themselves the center of the family’s orbit†¦ Affection for a son was an investment†, says Ebadi. In Iranian culture, it was considered natural for a father to love his son more than his daughter. In Ebadi’s home, though, she describes her parent’s affections, attentions, and discipline as equally distributed. This equality in the home seems to play a large role in creating the strong, determined woman Ebadi would come to be, â€Å"My father’s championing of my independence, from the play yard to my later decision to become a judge, instilled a confidence in me that I never felt consciously, but came to regard as my most valued inheritance. † (Ebadi, 12). One may also find it interesting that as a child, Ebadi did not know anything of politics; until the coup detat of 1953. On August 19th, 1953, the beloved Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh was toppled in a coup d’etat. Ebadi says that, as children, this news meant nothing. But the adults could see what Ebadi, at the time, could not. The book makes it clear that, to those of Iran who were not paid to think otherwise, Mossadegh was revered as a nationalist hero and the father of Iranian independence for his bold move of nationalizing Iran’s oil industry which had been, until then, controlled by the West. Therefore, it was obvious that this was the beginning of a vast change for Iran. Before the coup, Ebadi’s father, a longtime supporter of the prime minister, had advanced to become minister of agriculture. In this new regime, Ebadi’s father was forced out of his job, fated to languish in lower posts for the rest of his career. This was what caused a silence of all things political in the Ebadi home. Entering law school in 1965 was a â€Å"turning point for me†, says Ebadi. The vast interest in Iran’s politics was shocking to her after coming from a home in which politics were never spoken of. After toying with the idea of studying political science, Ebadi decided on pursuing a judgeship; which is exactly what she did. In March of 1970, at the age of twenty-three, Ebadi became a judge. In 1975, after 6 months of getting to know each other Ebadi married Javad Tavassoni. Her husband, unlike many Iranian men, coped well with her professional ambitions. In the autumn of 1977, there was, what Ebadi describes as, a â€Å"shift in the streets of Tehran†. The shah’s regime was trying to reduce the power of the judiciary by setting up the ‘Mediating Council’, an extrajudicial outfit that would have allowed cases to be judged outside of the formal justice system. Some of the justices wrote a protest letter arguing against the council, demanding that all cases had to be tried before a court of law. This was the first collective action taken by the judges against the shah. Ebadi signed the letter. In January of 1978, President Jimmy Carter arrived in Tehran, Iran and described it as an â€Å"island of stability†, something he later came to regret. Not long after President Carter’s statement, a newspaper article aggressively attacking Khomeini inspired a revolt among the people of Iran, calling for his [Khomeini’s] return; the police shot into the crowd and killed many men. By the summer of 1978, protests had grown larger, making it impossible to avoid them. In early August, a crowded cinema in Abadan was burned to the round. This horrific event burned 400 people alive. The shah blamed this event on religious conservatives; Khomeini accused the SAVAK, the regime’s secret police, which was a force of legendary brutality against the government’s opponents. This tragedy pushed many Iranians against the shah. They now realized that the shah was not merely an American puppet. Ebadi herself says that she was ‘drawn’ to the opposition. She says that it did not seem a contradiction for her, an educated professional woman, to back it (Ebadi, 33). She had no idea that she was backing her own eventual defeat. Ebadi uses something close to irony as she describes a morning when she and several judges and officials stormed into the minister of justice’s office. The minister was not there, instead a startled elder judge sat behind the desk. â€Å"He looked up at us in amazement and his gaze halted when he saw my face. â€Å"You! You of all people, why are you here? † he asked, bewildered and stern. â€Å"Don’t you know that you’re supporting people who will take away your job if they come to power? † â€Å"I’d rather be a free Iranian than an enslaved attorney,† I retorted boldly, self-righteous to the core. (Ebadi, 34) On January 16th, 1979, the shah fled Iran, ending two millennia of rule by Persian kings. The streets were over-crowded with euphoric citizens, Ebadi herself being one of them. On February 1st, 1979, Khomeini returned to Iran. For about a month, the country of Iran hung in the balance. In most of the cities an emergency militar y had gone into immediate effect and Khomeini had ordered people to go back into their homes by nightfall with the instruction to go onto their roof at 9pm and scream, Allaho akbar, â€Å"God is greatest†. On February 11th, Khomeini exhorted people to defy the 4pm curfew the military had imposed by coming out into the streets. Ebadi remembers going into the streets, hearing sounds of the gunshots echoing, and taking in the frenzied scene of emotion. The next day, the 22nd of Bahman on the Iranian calendar, the military surrendered and the prime minister fled the country. The country rejoiced, including Ebadi herself. She says, looking back, she has to laugh at the feeling of pride that washed over her for it took scarcely a month for her to realize that she had willingly participated in her own defeat. Ebadi, 38) Merely days after the revolution’s victory, a man named Fathollah Bani-Sadr was appointed provisional overseer of the Ministry of Justice. Expecting praise from this man, Ebadi was shocked when he said, â€Å"Don’t you think that out of respect for our beloved Imam Khomeini, who has graced Iran with his return, it would be better if you covered your hair? † This headscarf â€Å"invitation† was the first in a long string of restraints on the women of Iran. After being away for less than a month, Ebadi could already see the changes that had taken place in Tehran. The streets were renamed after Shia imams, martyred clerics, and Third World heroics of an anti-imperial struggle. † (Ebadi, 41) Her fellow co-workers, male and female, were dirty and smelled. The bow tie had been banned, being â€Å"deemed a symbol of the West’s evils, smelling of cologne signaled counterrevolutionary tendencies, and riding to the ministry car to work was evidence of class privilege† (Ebadi 42). Rumors spread that Islam barred women from being judges. Ebadi was the most distinguished female judge in all of Tehran. So, upon hearing these rumors, she tried to counter her worries with her connections; but even this small comfort proved to be in vain. In the final days of 1979, Ebadi was effectively stripped of her judgeship. She stubbornly stood, though six months pregnant, as the committee flippantly tossed a sheet of paper at her and said, â€Å"Show up to the research office when you’re done with your vacation†, her ‘vacation’ being her maternity leave. The men then began to talk about her as though she was not there, saying things like, â€Å"Without even starting at the research office, she wants a vacation! † another said, â€Å"They’re disorganized! and another, â€Å"They’re so unmotivated; it’s clear they don’t want to be working! † †¦ The point Ebadi was trying to make is clear by the telling of these statements. Most men, especially those in the government, had lost what little respect they had previously held f or women prior to the Revolution. That much, at least, seemed very clear. The post-Revolution’s effect on women was a grim one. As Ebadi read in a newspaper piece titled â€Å"Islamic Revolution†, â€Å"the life of a woman’s was now half that of a man (for instance, if a car hit both on the street, the cash compensation due to the woman’s family was half of that due the man’s), a oman’s testimony in court as a witness now counted only half as much as that of a man’s; a woman had to ask her husband permission to divorce. The drafters of the penal code had apparently consulted the seventh century for legal advice. † (Ebadi, 51). Ebadi’s head pounded with rage as she read this news. â€Å"The grim statues that I would spend the rest of my life fighting stared back at me from the page†, she writes. One effect of the new Islamic penal code was the imbalance it caused within Ebadi’s marriage. â€Å"The day Javad and I married each other, we joined our lives together as two equals†, she writes. But under these laws, he stayed a person and I became a chattel. They permitted him to divorce me at will, take custody of our future children, and acquire three wives and stick them in the house with me. † (Ebadi, 53). Ebadi knew her husband had no intentions of putting this new law to use, but she still could not accept the distraction the imbalance between them was causing her. At length, Ebadi came up with a solution: within the course of the next morning, her and her husband drove to the local notary where her husband readily signed a postnuptual agreement. This granted Ebadi the right to divorce her husband without permission, as well as primary custody of their children in the event of a separation. â€Å"Why are you doing this? † the astonished notary asked [Javad]. â€Å"My decision is irrevocable, â€Å" Javad replied. â€Å"I want to save my life. † This eased Ebadi’s feeling of unrest greatly, her and her husband were equals again, but a small part of her was still at unease. â€Å"After all, I couldn’t drag all the men of Iran down to the notary, could I? † (Ebadi, 54). September 22nd, 1980 marked the day that Saddam Hussein launched a full-blown invasion on Iran. Though the popular discontent with the revolution had by no means abated: as Ebadi mentions, during the war, â€Å"the newspapers still had long lists of the executed, all the former regime’s officials and counterrevolutionaries who had been shot or hung, and sometimes pages filled with macabre photos of gallows and dead bodies. † Despite all of this, the people went on, just as they had through the upheaval after the revolution. In short, the decade after the revolution was one filled with much strife, war, and repression. This strife first became personal to Ebadi in the form of the political imprisonment and murder of her brother-in-law Fuad at the young age of 24. â€Å"Fuad’s death made me even more obstinate†, she writes. â€Å"We had been told not to discuss his death with anyone, so I talked about his execution night and day. In taxis, at the corner shop, in line for bread, I would approach perfect strangers and tell them about this sweet boy who was sentenced to twenty years in prison for selling newspapers, and then executed. † (Ebadi, 89) This tragic event in Ebadi’s life, the hot outrage that it made her feel, is remembered as the spark which would lead to her return to legal practice in the 1990’s. Things had, of course, continued to happen since Fuad’s death in the fall of 1988. In 1989, Khomeini had died, the komitehs harsh, unnecessary punishments grew more serious and frequent: Ebadi writes of one instance in which her friend’s fiance is whipped 80 times with no legal grounds whatsoever. The extreme laws against women grew more and more severe. When Ebadi was arrested for the first time (for a crime of wardrobe), she mentions an elderly woman who was arrested for the â€Å"crime† of wearing slippers. Yet over time, it again â€Å"became fashionable for the daughters of Traditional families to attend college†, Ebadi writes. â€Å"Throughout the nineties, the number of women with college degrees rose steadily, and eventually the women began to outnumber the men in universities by a small margin. † This new wave of educated women emerging from Iran created a people that was no longer content to slip back into their old, traditional roles in the home. This new attitude was often met by extreme clashes within the family. Ebadi writes of one such woman who, upon requesting a divorce from her husband, was refused by her father. Facing a lifetime of unhappiness, the woman doused herself in gasoline and set herself ablaze. In 1992, Ebadi again began practicing law, this time exclusively taking on pro bono cases. She pored over religious texts, attempting to gain sufficient knowledge to argue against particular interpretations that would claim that, within Islam, discriminatory interpretations were to be made. Ebadi began to take on only the cases of women and children, for these were the ones who were constantly at the mercy of a sick, twisted government. Ebadi took on many cases; one was that of the family of Zahra Kanzemi, an Iranian journalist who had been killed in police custody in 2003. Another was that of a student who was beaten to death by paramilitaries during a 1999 protest; Ebadi herself was imprisoned during the course of this case. While digging through the paperwork for a case representing the children of a couple who had been slain in their home, Ebadi stumbled across the official authorization of her own assassination. The response Ebadi has to this shocking information was one of the major instances that. I believe, greatly endears her to the reader as an extremely brace and powerful woman. â€Å"I wasn’t scared, really, nor was I angry†, she writes. Instead, Ebadi simply wanted to know why. One thing that is truly unique about Ebadi is the way in which she writes about her life choices. She writes about them as if they were natural, obvious, and just the thing anyone would have done in her place. In reality, this is not so. Many others around Ebadi had the education and ability to make the same choices that Ebadi had made, but they did not, some even emigrating during the Iran-Iraq war. For Ebadi, patriotic to the core, the only choice was to stay. She has a love for her country that defies the instability and repression the government tries to place upon her. Ebadi knows, deep within herself, that the government is not the country. The only moral choice she could live with was to fight injustice with law; the very law the injustices claimed themselves to be. Following the ‘Reform Era’, you can see Ebadi breathe a huge sigh of relief. The years of constant anxiousness over everything, even her girl’s birthday parties, were behind her. The days when young people would be whipped for venturing into the mountains together, women would be detained or lashed for simply wearing a smudge of makeup or nail-polish, or for wearing any color clothing besides navy or black tones, were happily retired. Moderate President Khatami sought to pull back the system’s interference in the people’s private lives, but as Ebadi states, â€Å"President Khatami deserves only a measure of credit for this shift. Really it was because my daughters’ uncowed generation started fighting back, and, through the force of their sheer numbers and boldness, made it unfeasible for the state to impose itself as before. † This book was, in my opinion, a fantastic portrait of a life lived in truth. It was a delight to see how Ebadi’s simple courage and outright stubbornness made a vast difference in the lives of many, even in the face of extreme adversity, like her own possible assassination. In conclusion, I will once again quote Ebadi, as she articulates the dignity of the reform movement within Iran. It so happened that I believed in the secular separation of religion and government because, fundamentally, Islam, like any religion, is subject to interpretation. It can be interpreted to oppress women or interpreted to liberate them I am a lawyer by training, and know only too well the permanent limitations of trying to enshrine inalienable rights in sources that lack fixed terms and definitions. But I am also a citizen of the Islamic Republic, and I know the futility of approaching the question any other way. My objective is not to vent my own political sensibilities but to push for a law that would save a family like Leilas — a child who was raped and murdered — from becoming homeless in their quest to finance the executions of their daughters convicted murderers. If Im forced to ferret through musty books of Islamic jurisprudence and rely on sources that stress the egalitarian ethics of Islam, then so be it. Is it harder this way? Of course it is. But is there an alternative battlefield? Desperate wishing aside, I cannot see one. – Shirin Ebadi

Sydney Opera House essays

Sydney Opera House essays There was no true place for performing arts in Australia and this angered many residents. So Joseph Cahill set up a committee to raise money for an arts complex. Then, for more funding he established Opera Lotteries. With all the necessary funds available, the next step was a design. A competition was organized for the design of the complex. The winner was Jorn Utzon with his design of a complex with sail shaped roofs. Building began immediately in March of 1957 on Bennelong Point in Sydney. Many cost overruns and delays and even the elimination of the angels from the roofs drove Jorn Utzon to resign. The final cost of the opera house was $107 million dollars. The opera house was completed in mid 1973 and officially opened on October 20, 1973. The opera house itself is absolutely marvelous. It has more than one thousand rooms, including five main auditoriums. The building also has features such as: five rehearsal studios, four restaurants, six theatre bars, extensive foyer, lounge areas, sixty dressing rooms and suites, library, artists lounge, administrative offices, and extensive plant and machinery areas. All these things cause more than two million people to attend more than three thousand events per year. The opera house is home to the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, the Australian Ballet, and the Australian Opera. The largest room in the opera house is the Concert Hall. It has two hundred and sixty-seven seats. The Concert Hall is used for concerts, chamber music, opera, choral concerts, pop, jazz concerts, folk concerts, variety shows, and conventions. It has excellent acoustics with ceilings of eighty-two feet in height. All the walls in this room are made of woods such as white birch plywood, hard brown wood, and brush box. The volume of this room is tremendous at eight hundred and eighty thousand cubic feet. The Concert Hall is also home to the world ...

Reaction paper 6 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction paper 6 - Article Example The once famous off shoring and outsourcing strategies are not as beneficial to the companies as it used to be. Companies like Ford motors are reconsidering closing their subsidiaries located in the foreign countries (Here, there and everywhere par. 4-15). The reason for this major reorganization is the constantly increasing cost of labor in countries that once provided the cheapest labor in the world. The increasing cost of labor in countries like China deprives the companies that have their existence in China, an opportunity to generate high revenues. Second, most companies have realized that it is highly risky to produce in a foreign country away from the major market target. The disadvantage this creates is a low response to the change in consumer needs due to the extended time between acquiring the information and implementing a strategy to respond to the consumers needs. This renders most companies less competitive. Third, the off shoring has another side effect that is the increased transportation cost due to shipments made over a long distance. Fourth, the distance proved to destabilize the supply chain of most companies. The named emerging pitfalls of off shoring have forced most companies to move their operating location bac k home. This major reorganization also applies to the service industry. This trend is likely to cause an explosion of job opportunities in the U.S, thus increase the employment rate. Therefore, the U.S job market could run short of employees in the short-term (Here, there and everywhere par. 4-15). There is a heated debate about the effect of technology on employment. Some argue that the increasing sophistication in the technological environment reduces the level of employment as computers and robots replace human labor. This section of people justifies their point by sitting the increase in productivity levels in the U.S while the unemployment rates decrease. Another section of people with a

Apple Inc. Integrated Marketing Communication Essay

Apple Inc. Integrated Marketing Communication - Essay Example The present study would analyze the business strategies of Apple Inc one of the most formidable brands present in the market. The choice of the organization assumes significance considering the magnanimous image of the brand that is known as a synonym for innovations in the business markets. Origin Growth and History of Organization Apple Inc is a US based multinational organization engaged in manufacture of digital electronics and computer hardware equipments. The company was founded in the year 1976 by the name of Apple Computers Inc and since then it has grown into a mammoth organization with a formidable brand image. In the year 2007 the company renamed itself as Apple Inc. The company is presently listed on the bourses of the NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange. The company is presently headed by Steve Jobs one of the most dynamic business leaders of the modern world. The company is known for its innovations in technology and bringing out cutting edge technology products that are unmatched by any of its competitors in the market. Apple Inc was one of the pioneers in the industry that designed computers like mackintosh (Apple, 2011). Analysis of Company’s Vision and Mission Statement The mission and vision of the organization is to be an innovative market player that manufactures products that are unique, distinctive and highly innovative in the market. The main mission statement of the organization is â€Å"an apple at every desk† (Birnbaum, 2009). The company aims to create innovations that are simple yet elegant and are highly technology intensive. The company’s mission is to provide the best quality and innovative products to customers across the globe. The company aims to be a global leader in its product category and has accordingly made a global presence by having a dedicated presence in almost all the major economies of the world. The vision and mission statements can be largely correlated with its business strategies that involved launch of products like I-phones, I-pad’s that are highly technology intensive and have attracted a huge attention from the target market audience b y virtue of their innovative features. Product Portfolios Apple Inc has an impressive product portfolio comprised of a large array of innovative product offerings. Apart from the company’s traditional products like Mac the company also manufactures a range of other products including iPod’s, iPhone, and iTunes. IPod’s include portable music players that have a sleek design and highly attractive features that allows audio as well as video files to be run by the user. I phone is yet another innovation developed by the organization in the lucrative mobile telephone segment. The unique product tries to amalgamate the excitement of a mobile phone with innovative features like excellent graphics and computing options. The delightful looks make it an attractive option for any individual. Apple also made a foray into the software industry with the launch of the Apple I tunes. This product is essentially a music player that is compatible with both iPods as well as person al computers. In addition to this the company has also produced software’

Death of a Salesman Essay Example for Free

Death of a Salesman Essay Arthur Miller clearly adopted the approach of a classical Greek tragedy by asserting that Willy Loman is as appropriate as a subject for tragedy as Kings are. Miller portrays Willy as a hardworking man struggling to reach the intangible American dream by challenging Aristotelian convention and by using time as a structural motif to successfully portray the lead up to his demise. This ultimately portrays him as a modern tragic hero. The mobile concurrency repeatedly used is of a great importance to the play. They serve as a recollection of his past memories, a dream world offering to escape the harsh reality of what he is facing at the current moment in time. Leah Hadomi, in Fantasy and Reality: Dramatic Rhythm in Death of a Salesman said :When reality becomes too painful, Willy retreats into a dream world, consisting of his recollections of the past and of fantasies in which he ful? lls the aspirations, the attainment of which has eluded him in life. This statement is, to some extent, true as the dream sequence seems perfect, with a repetition of Well by Willy and Happy, when they discuss carrying bags, an ultimate perception of Willys dream world. However, even within this ordered dream world, Bernard pops the bubble in which order was maintained, as he asks Biff to study. The use of the word anaemic is interesting, as it can mean a lack of colour on the skin. Perhaps Miller is saying how Bernard doesnt fit into Willys category of normal, as normal means you have to be well liked, something that Willy maintained which ultimately lead up to his demise. We see in this mobile concurrency how Willy is trying to maintain order by dreaming yet this order subtly becomes disorder as the world doesnt exist as a floating balloon, there needs to be someone to anchor us, and in this case, it is Bernard. Disorder and order are part of Aristotelian convention: the fact that in a tragedy, disorder is after the catastrophe, yet order will try to be maintained (e. g. in Othello, Lodovico will try to maintain order in society after the death of the moor). The catastrophe here can represent the delusional present state he is living in, and the order can be maintained financially as Linda is now free. So even in his mind, there is disorder which arouses sympathy from the audience as we realise how minds are so complex. The use of place and atmosphere also brings out an Aristotelian convention. There is a cyclical quality in the play: the fact that the stage directions at the start promote an heavenly quality and towards the end there is some spiritual sense. Miller here challenges the classical tragedy approach by using long stage directions, whereas in a play like Othello, there wasnt any. The dream rising out of reality sharply contrasts with were free which Linda repeats. This reflects on the idea of the mass of the souls of the dead, and the freedom in movement. Miller clearly uses this cyclical ability as a structural time motif to reinforce the message of faith. The requiem serves to be concentrated, and allows us to make a comparison between faith as a spiritual guidance, and Willys tragedy. In classical Greek tragedy, there was some guidance in one way or the other: Othello being a Christian so he would look to god, or others having kings to look up to. However here, there is no religious grounding within the Loman home, so we understand how a lack of religion and grounding can lead to irreversible consequences. The stage directions at the start of the play also show oppressive urbanisation in the sense that the buildings are towering, angular shapes, which represent the limiting power of individualism. This backdrop against the city shows how the Loman home is insignificant. Andy Warhols paintings express the express the fragility of the American dream through his paintings, yet in this play, we see the disastrous effects of how the capitalist society leads to his demise. The fact that Miller manipulated this to allow these long stage directions be at the start portray how he wanted emphasis the corruption the capitalist society brings onto us, and this is reinforced by Howards inhumane treatment towards him: You didnt crack up again, did you? . The actual time period is also an important factor. The play was written at around the time of the 1940s, after the great boom in the 1920s had occurred, so Miller must have used the idea of the boom and how the American dream was an endless hope where one would dream of possibility and a high social status. As the Wall Street crash occurred in 1929, we see that perhaps Miller wrote this play to underline the theme that the American dream was always intangible without religion, or some grounding force, yet the Loman family didnt realise this, and this was their hamartia. One may say that because Miller himself was involved in communist activities (Arthur miller: a critical study), he had a Marxist attraction, and perhaps wants to show how Willy was completely destroyed by the capitalist society which was grappling with a much superior force (Tragedy and the Common Man). His social comment made at the start of the play that Willy was past 60years of age shows how Miller is not economically viable, as in the American post war society, he is redundant. This shows how the society is mainly utilitarian, and how people can be disposed when they are out of value. Miller enforces our knowledge on the post war American society and allows us to make our decision, on whether or not his demise was due to the grappling society, or the fact that he had the wrong dreams. Miller carefully took a risk by carefully casting aside dramatic convention by focusing on overlooked people in society. He built salesman around the accumulation of small and discomforting details and discoveries such as the rubber tubing which Biff finds (draws out a length of rubber tubing). It is only the time of when this is taking place is when these small details discomfort us a lot. For example, Biff finds the rubber tubing at night, before the end of act 1, which traumatises not only the characters, but us too. This breaks the linear narrative convention and allows us to dwell on the concept that Biff exists in the way he is, (e. g. not respecting him by saying what the hell is the matter with him). Biff had no grounding from the start as we can see in the mobile concurrency (Willy leading him along by stealing), so the next act serves as false hope to the Loman family, the hope that Biff will understand his father, in which the audience play the supporting role which Linda usually plays. It also helps the audience feel cathartic, a sign of relief, before the major catastrophe of his death occurs. Miller successfully manipulated the time in order to show a recurring death image towards the end, and to show skewed ideas on life The use of time literally slowing down the text on the page is quite significant too in act 2. Willys lines are very much fragmented, and portray the sense of Willy slowing down time. This portrays some sense of hope in the sense that the family will be normal again and the house will be argument free. The pastoral elements such as the time of the day, the coffee and the saccharine emphasis the outward appearance as some sort of synaesthesia and artifice. Perhaps it portrays how even though Willy wants to slow down time, he is more ambitious from his rest, and therefore it prepares us for his downfall later on in the play. Willys downfall is also due to the woman and Linda, and in the time the play was written, women were treated as sexual objectification, also known as the Madonna Syndrome. The repetition of the woman laughing throughout the play emphasises the fragmented state of mind Willy has and the guilt he has, associated with the woman. With Linda, we do not see any social life associated with her; all we see is that she is merely Willys supporter as she always makes excuses up for him, and the dishonesty that she knows his flaws lead to his downfall. The fact that Linda leaves Willy responsible (I cant understand it, Willy) shows incapability to guide her, and we see her character disintegrate. We therefore see, as a modern audience, how women are imprisoned, and clearly we could see that the woman was imprisoned in Willys mind (through mobile concurrency), and Linda being physically imprisoned. Miller again manipulated time to echo a social comment about women being imprisoned, so do we therefore see Linda as a tragic victim, more than Willy in society? To conclude, Miller effectively manipulates time through many ways such as mobile concurrency. Willys demise was merely his obstructions from the past which stopped him from leading on his delusional present. Miller effectively portrayed how he fell from a mediocre man to a state even lower than that on the hierarchy scale. On a personal level, the cyclical quality Miller presents in the fact that there was no religious grounding shows how nothing can be possible without faith; the cyclical quality reinforced it by using time at the start, and at the end, to see what message Miller was reinforcing.

Essay --

The basis of this paper examines the impacts of the social, political, and religious movements through a multi-layer study of the Dancing Plague in Strasbourg from the early 1200s through the early 1500s. By analyzing this historic, but rather odd dancing hysteria, these movements created severe forms of depression, stress, and anxiety that ultimately led to high levels of psychosis within the community. The time period studied includes the Bundschuh uprisings and peasantry gains to Strasbourg citizenship, the religious justifications for diseases and the emergence of powerful saints, and the severe hunger strikes which resulted from years of failed crops and abnormal climate changes. This analysis uses several major sermons from Lutheran theologians such as Matthà ¤us Zell and Martin Bucer, eyewitness reports of those present in Strasbourg before, during, and after the Dancing Plague, and medical reports from Strasbourg physician, Johann Widmann. Likewise, this study challenges the pre-Reformation argument that the Dancing Plague was a form of punishment sent from God, but rather induced by biological and psychological means. The various Strasbourg movements challenged the inequalities and injustices of the Church towards the peasantry, which created severe and impossible living conditions for the peasantry. This in turn, resulted in approximately four hundred citizens dancing feverishly in the streets of Strasbourg in the summer of 1518. Located on the southeastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, Strasbourg, flourished as a major agricultural market and transportation center. The region’s landscape provided equilibrium between the two most important natural resources: grain and wine. The plains abundantly provided the city wi... ...areas designated specifically within the city and were barred from wearing luxurious accessories. Likewise, gamblers were forced to entertain themselves with card and dice players in gambling dens. The crops for the following year improved dramatically, which reinforced the belief that the city was divinely rewarded for purifying the city. However, the excitement was short-lived as Europe became introduced to syphilis. The first acknowledged record of the reported disease was on February 22, 1495 during King Charles VIII invasion of Naples. Syphilis crept into Strasbourg through mercenary pike men, or Landsknechts, on return from the Italian wars and came in contact with Spanish troops who had sexual relations with prostitutes. In the spring of the same year the executive head of the city, or the Ammsister, reported of having a â€Å"bad pox† unseen before in the city.

Internship Report on Ztbl

Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 1 â€Å"INTRODUCTION TO REPORT† 1. 1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY The Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited is the premier financial institution geared towards the development of agriculture sector by providing financial products and services to their customers. It is a common practice at universities during the completion of the masters and bachelors program to attain practical experience in different fields.Students are required to undergo an internship program of two months to fulfill the requirement for their degree completion. The selection of the firm is based on the choice of the student. The institute requires an internship report based on the theoretical and practical learning of the student. The Internship is the bridge between academic qualification and professional career of fresh graduates†. This internship report is mainly focused on the working of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL.Moreover, the i nternship is a unique aspect of education that integrates study with planned and supervised career-related work experience. The students are involved as non-paid â€Å"authentic employees† receiving academic credit for work experiences. The purpose of the internship program is to develop and strengthen the student’s educational and career preparation. By doing internship in any organization that obviously exposes the interpersonal relationships not only with employees but also with supervisor that are essential in obtaining a successful and satisfying career.This background of the study is mainly focus on the performance, functions and objectives of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL and its internal working and operations of this division. While, the internship is any experience where students learn by taking on responsible roles as workers in organizations and observing and reflecting on what happens while they are in the workplace. It provides 1 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report any advantages to student that helps him throughout his life. Some advantages of internship program are given as under; ? ? ? ? ? To gain professional experience and receive academic credit To enhance independence, responsibility and self-confidence To Interact and collaborate confidently with employees To share ideas with one another. To translate classroom knowledge into the professional work environment and to make plan, how to carry the activities. ? To work towards the process improvement. 1. 2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of conducting this study is to develop some insight into the orking of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL and to gain the experience regarding the overall operations and procedures of the bank, in order to complete the BBA (Hons) degree as well. The purpose of the internship program is to develop and strengthen the studen t’s educational and career preparation, which they gain from university. Another important aspect of the internship program is that internee is placed to various departments of the organization through job rotation. It provides a glance of each department, as the period is too short for learning in detail. Other objectives of the study are as follows: ?To gather relevant information then interpret and analyze it in a useful manner. ? ? ? ? To highlight the facilities and products offered by the ZTBL to its customers. Internship can develop good work habits and to reduce student dropouts. To develop, enhance and strengthen the communication skills. To observe and participate in a professional work situation which represents an area of career interest. 2 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To develop an understanding of the organization, its mission, objectives and management phi losophy.To acquire good work habits and gain an awareness of the community’s vast resources. To be responsible and work toward specific achievable goals. To analyze the bank through different analysis such as Ratio & SWOT analysis. ? ? ? 1. 3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the conducting this study is given as under; It is a compulsory requirement for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in ? Business Administration from the Kohat University of Science & Technology. ? This report is concerned with the performance, functions and objectives of the â€Å"Finance & Accounts Division of the ZTBL† Head Office Islamabad. ZTBL. ? It can provide help to the management of the ZTBL in identifying their Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. ? It can also provide assistance for the students in seeking annual reports for the purpose to calculate and interpret financial ratios, in order to check the liquidity, leverage and profitability of the ZTBL. ? Further more, stud ents are able to analyze the human resources & analyze the marketing of products and services schemes that the ZTBL provide his customers. It will help the students in making assignments and writing reports on the 1. 4.IMPORTANCE OF STUDY Banks play a central and very important role in the economic life of a country, that’s why they are considered as the lifeblood of modern economy. Today no one can deny the importance of banking in the economy. They facilitate and expedite 3 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report trade and commerce and provide a variety of services that one can’t imagine without banks. I have chosen the ZTBL for my internship because it has a large network of zonal offices and branches.But besides this, the ZTBL plays an important role in the economic development and growth of Pakistan. 1. 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY During the internship at the ZTBL Head Office Islamabad, the most important task was to collect as much as information on the bank in order to have a full productive report. For the collection of information and data, I used two methods for collecting data for the preparation of internship report such as primary and secondary collection methods, which is given as under; 1. 5. 1. Primary Data Collections: In primary data collection method, I interviewed different officers for this purpose.The interviews were not of formal nature but it went along with time and the questions arose with identification of problems. I prepared many questions and discuses with Bank officers asked all the detailed function and procedures of there departments. All officers fully cooperated with me and provided all the necessary information which was required to me. The interviews have been taken from the bank officers and also the discussion was conducted with the heads of different departments. For collecting primary data, I use my own observation an d discuss my problems with previous internees. 1. 5. 2.Secondary Data Collection: The data that are previously collected and assembled for the some projects other than the one at hand. It is also called as historical data. This method can almost always be gathered faster ant at a lower cost than primary data. The secondary data is collected from following sources; ? ? ? ? Annual Reports & Accounts manual. ZTBL web site & Internet. Brochures. Pamphlets. 4 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? ? ? Newspapers. Business journals. Books. 1. 6. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDYThere are some limitations which, I had to face as an internee during the Internship program in the ZTBL Head Office Islamabad, which are described as under; ? ? Time was too short to visit all division and departments of the organization. The problem of loud shedding makes delay in preparing this internship report of the ZTBL. ? All staff members avoided to give every information. However, they kept most of the data secrets. So, it was very difficult to collect the relevant information. ? The vice presidents, executives, managers and other staff members have their own matters of bank nd it was a great problem for me. ? Lack of co-operation by some employees because they were non-research oriented and also lack of accuracy of the relevant data. ? Instead of all these difficulties, I have completed this internship report on the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL Head Office with full cooperation of few managers. 1. 7 SCHEME OF THE REPORT The internship report on the Finance & Accounts Division of the ZTBL is arranged in four sections and ten chapters. The report is arranged in the following sequence. SECTION-I This section has one chapter. Chapter 1: Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report This is an introdu ctory chapter which describes the introduction, background, purpose, scope, importance, research methodology, limitations and scheme of the report. SECTION-II This is lengthiest section of the report; it includes the review of the ZTBL. This section is comprised of eight chapters. Chapter 2: This chapter is about bank and banking, evaluation of banking, overview of banking in Pakistan and role of banks in the economic development of the Pakistan.Chapter 3: This chapter encompasses the introduction, history, mission, vision, objectives, restructuring plans, BOD, zonal offices & branches, ranking of staff members and subsidiary of the ZTBL. Chapter 4: This chapter briefly describes the products & services such as loans & schemes and the recovery procedure of the loan of the ZTBL. Chapter 5: This chapter is concerns with the introduction, objectives, functions, classification and hierarchy of the Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL. Chapter 6: This chapter describes the introduct ion, objectives, unctions and units of the Central Accounts Department of the ZTBL. Chapter 7: This chapter describes the introduction and units of the Head Office Accounts Department of the ZTBL. Chapter 8: This chapter is concerns with the introduction, objectives, functions and units of the Regulatory Reporting Department of the ZTBL. 6 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report Chapter 9: This chapter describes the introduction, objectives, functions and units of the Budget & Fund Reconciliation Department of the ZTBL.SECTION-III This section also has one chapters and it is about the various analyses of the ZTBL. Chapter 10: This chapter explains the SWOT analysis, ratio analysis, human resource analysis & marketing analysis of the ZTBL. SECTION-IV This section contains only one chapter. Chapter 11: This chapter explains findings, recommendations, personal experience, conclusions & annexur es of the ZTBL. 7 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO BANKING† 2. 1 MEANING & ORIGIN OF BANK Some authors are of opinion that the word bank is derived from the word â€Å"Banquet† which means a â€Å"Bench†. This is attributed to the fact that the Jewish transacted the business of money exchange on bench in market place. â€Å"A bank includes a body of person, who carry on the business of banking† or â€Å"a bank may be as an institution dealing mainly in money and credit. It accepts deposits from one class of people at a lower rate of interest and industry for meeting the requirements.This provides finance for successfully carrying on various stages of production as well as distribution. † Moreover, a bank can stimulate the habit of savings amount for the people and provide the security and interest they offer with these savin gs which are deposited by people are in a position to utilize the deposited amount more productively. In short, a bank can increase the transaction capacity of the customers by advancing loans when they require for additional funds to finance their expanded program of business transaction. 2. 2 EVOLUTION OF BANKING Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report According to the banking companies ordinance 1962 â€Å"banking is business that receive investment or lending of deposits of money from public and repayable on demand or otherwise and which draw able by cheque, draw orders or otherwise†. As regards the growth of modern commercial bank, it can be traced to as early as 600BC. The â€Å"An Outline of Money†, written by G. Crowther, has traced the history of modern English Commercial banking.According to him, the present day banker has three ancestors such as merchants, goldsmith s & money lenders; which are briefly explain as under; 2. 2. 1 The Merchants: The earliest stage in the growth of banking can be traced to the working of merchants. These merchants were traders in commodities. The trading activities were carried on by them from one place to another. It was risky for the traders to carry metallic money with themselves for payment. The traders with high reputation began to issue receipts which were accepted as titles of money.These receipts or letters of transfer also called hundi in Indo Sub Continent were the first mode of payments. The merchant banking thus forms the earliest stage in the evolution of modern banking. 2. 2. 2 The Goldsmiths: The second stage in the growth of banking is normally traced to earlier goldsmiths. These goldsmiths also called Seths in India used to receive gold and silver for safe custody. The goldsmiths began to issue receipts for the metallic money (gold & silver) kept with them. These receipts with the passage of time b ecame payable to the bearer on demand.In this way the ‘goldsmiths’ note, become a medium of exchange and a mean of payment. The goldsmiths, thus, can rightly be termed as the fore-runners of the modern bank note. 2. 2. 3 The Money Lenders: The third stage in the development of banking arose when the goldsmiths became the money lenders. By experience the goldsmiths (who were called money lenders) came to know that they could keep a small proportion of the total deposits for meeting the demands of customers for cash and the rest they could easily lend. They allowed the depositors to draw over and above the money Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report actually standing to their credit. In Economic terminology, we can say that they allowed the overdraft facilities to their depositors. When every money lender and goldsmith issued receipts and most of them allowed the overdraft faci lities, there was too much confusion in the banking system. The money lenders and goldsmiths, in order to earn profits, could not keep adequate reserves for meeting the demands of the customers for cash.The failure on the part of the money lenders and goldsmiths to return money caused widespread distress among the people. In order to create confidence among the people, steps were taken to regulate the banking organization. A conference was held in Nuremburg in 1548. It was decided that a bank should be set up by the state which should streamline the banking organization and technique. The first central bank was formed in Geneva in 1578. Bank of England was established in 1694. The modern commercial banking system actually developed in the 19th century. 2. 3EVALUTION OF BANKING IN PAKISTAN At the time of independence the areas, which now constitute the Pakistan were producing only food grains and agricultural raw material. For Indo-Pak sub continent, there were practically no industr ies and whatever raw material was produced was being exported from the Pakistan. How ever commercial banking facilities were provided fairly well here. There were 487 offices of scheduled banks in the territories now constituting the Pakistan. As a new country without resources it was very difficult for the Pakistan to run its own banking system immediately.Therefore in accordance with the provision of Indian independence Act 1974, an expert committee was appointed to study the issue. On the recommendation of committee Reserve Bank of India continued to function in the Pakistan, till 30th September 1984, so that problem of time and demand, liability, coinage, currencies exchange etc be settled between India and Pakistan. It was decided that Pakistan will take over the management of public debt 10 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report nd exchange control from reserve Bank of India on 1st A pril 1948, and that India notice would continue to be legal tender to the Pakistan till 30th September 1948. Following the announcement of independence plan in June 1947, the Hindus residing in the territories now comprising Pakistan started transferring their assets to India. Moreover the banks including those having the registered offices in Pakistan transferred to India in order to bring a collapse of new state. By 30th June 1948, the number of offices of scheduled banks declined from 487 to only 195 in the Pakistan.There were 19 non-Indian foreign banks with the status of small branch offices, which were engaged solely in export of crops from the Pakistani institutions i. e. , Habib Bank and Australia Bank. The government promulgated the Banking Companies Ordinance 1947, to safeguard the interests of both banks and the customers. The Imperial Bank closed down most of its offices in Pakistan, which created serious problems. The Indian government withheld Pakistan’s share o f Rs. 75 corer in cash balance held by them at the time of partition.The urgency of assuming control of banking and currency was very badly felt now. The government of Pakistan decided to establish a full-fledge central Bank. Father of the Nation, Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, inaugurated the State Bank of Pakistan on July 1948, after the State Bank of Pakistan order was promulgated on 12th May 1948. The SBP provided every help and encouragement to Habib Bank to expend its network of branches and formulated and developed NBP in 1949 as an agent bank, which took over the agency functions in 1952 from Imperial Bank of India.In order to develop sound banking and weeding out week institutes, the Banking Companies Act was promulgated in 1949, empowering the SBP to control the operations of banking companies in Pakistan. In a very short period of time number of scheduled banks and other specialized credit institutions rose to thirty six. By June 1965, the numbers of branches of schedu led banks were 1591. Pakistani commercial banks were nationalized in 1974, but the process was reversed as nationalization proved to be defective. The ZTBL, MCB, 11 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ABL and UBL have been privatized and HBL is expected to be privatized within near future. The nationalization of Banks in Pakistan since 1st January 1947 has heralded a new era of development and progress. It has taken a complete banking system with effect form January 1981. The privatization process of state owned banks and enterprises started in 1991. 2. 3 CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS IN THE PAKISTAN The banks are classified according to their spheres of activities. The main types of banks are as under: 1.Central Bank: Every civilized country now has its own central bank. The primary function of the central bank is to regulate the flow of money and credit in order to promote efficiency, stabil ity and growth in the country. In Pakistan, the SBP is the country’s central bank. 2. Commercial Banks: These banks are engaged in performing the routine duties of banking business. They collect surplus money from the people. They make loans and advances in the form of overdrafts, cash credits, discounting bills of exchange. The commercial banks also manufacture credit money.They also provide agency services and general utility services. These banks are considered the lifeblood of the economic society. Some commercial banks are owned and controlled by the government which is called as public sector banks. For e. g. , NBP, HBL, UBL†¦etc while other commercial banks that are owned by corporations is called as private sectors banks. For e. g. , MCB, ABL, City Bank†¦etc. 3. Exchange Banks: As name signifies, these banks mainly deal with international trade. These banks take the responsibility of settlement of foreign exchange and arrange the foreign business.In Pakistan , all the nationalized commercial banks have been allowed to do the business of exchange banks. 4. Saving Banks: Saving banks are those banks which collect and keep the small savings of the public. They are called also thrift promoting institutions. The saving 12 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report banks invest the funds in the safest government securities. The Post offices and saving centers perform the business of saving banks in Pakistan. 5.Agriculture Banks: The agricultural banks (specialized banks) are set up to provide financial assistance to the agriculturists. The agriculture banks provide short term credit to the farmers for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, fuel†¦. etc. They also make medium term advances for buying tractors and introducing modern techniques in farming. In Pakistan, the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan was set up in 1981 for meetin g the financial requirement of agriculture, the ADBP is incorporated as public limited company, according to the â€Å"Company Ordinance 1984† & is name was changed to the ZTBL in 2002.An agriculture bank is also called as domestic banks because these banks are registered and incorporated within the country. 6. Industrial Banks: The industrial banks mainly provide medium and long term credit to the industries. Since the industrial banks have long term deposits, they are in a position to permit long term investment in industries. In Pakistan, the Industrial Development Bank was set up in 1961. The other institutions engaged in providing financial assistance to industries are PICIC, NDFC†¦. etc. 2. 4 ROLE OF ZTBL IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAKISTANBanks play an important and active role in the economic development of a country. If the banking system in a country is effective, efficient and disciplined, it brings about a rapid growth in the various sectors of the ec onomy such as agriculture, industrial, and the SME sectors. If the banking system is unorganized and inefficient, it creates maladjustments and impediments in the process of development. In Pakistan, the banking system is very well organized. The SBP established on July 1st, 1948 stands at the apex and is responsible for the operation of the banking system in Pakistan.The other banks such as commercial, specialized or unspecialized banks which form the banking structure in the Pakistan are playing an active role in the 13 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report economic development of the country. The role of the ZTBL in order to achieve economic growth and development of the Pakistan is briefly explained as under: 1. Development of Agriculture & Industrial Sector. The ZTBL particularly in rural areas of Pakistan are now providing credit for the development of agriculture & industrial secto r.The provision of credit to agriculture & industrial sector has greatly helped in raising agricultural productivity and income of the farmers. This has led to increased demand for industrial goods and expansion of trade & industry. The use of bank drafts, cheque, bills of exchange, credit cards†¦. etc, has revolutionized both national and international trade. 2. Banks Promote Capital Formation. The ZTBL plays an important role in rising of the financial resources. They encourage savings by giving various types of incentives to the savers.They expand branches of the banks in the rural and urban areas and mobilize savings even at far of places. These savings are then made available to the businesses which make use of for productive purposes in the country. 3. Investment in new Enterprises. Businessmen normally hesitate to invest their money in risky enterprises. The ZTBL generally provide short, medium & long term loans to farmers to invest in new enterprises and adopt new metho ds of production. The provision of timely credit increases the productive capacity of the country. The organized banking system helps in directing physical resources into productive channels.It also keeps a balance between the availability and requirements of the capital in the country. 4. Balanced Development of different regions. The ZTBL plays an important role in achieving balanced development in different regions of the country. They help in transferring surplus capital from developed regions to the less developing regions. The trade industries etc of less developed regions are able 14 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report to get adequate capital for meeting their business needs.This in turn, increases investment, trade and production in the country. 5. Monetization of the Economy. The commercial banks by opening branches in the rural and backward areas are reducing the exchange of g oods through barter. The use of money has now greatly increased the volume of production of goods. The non monetized sector (barter economy) is now being converted into monetized sector with the help of commercial banks. 6. Implementation of Monetary Policy. The central bank of the country controls and regulates volume of credit through the active cooperation of the banking system in the country.It helps in bringing price stability and promotes economic growth within shortest possible period of time. The ZTBL under the supervision and guidance of the SBP help in implementing and achieving the objectives of the monetary policy which vary from time to time. 7. Financing Development Projects. The ZTBL provide short, medium & long term loans for financing of development projects both in private and public sectors. The ZTBL starts projects with the Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock (MINFAL) launched an integrated development program entitled â€Å"Crop Maximization Project† in 15 districts.The MINFAL will provide funds to the tune of Rs. 299. 833 millions to the ZTBL and thus help in accelerating the rate of economic development in the country. 8. Booting the Exports: In order to boosts the exports of the agriculture and industrial goods of the Pakistan, the banks have established export promotion cell for the information and guidance of the exporters. 9. Less Reliance on Foreign Capital: A planed banking system by launching a vigorous campaign of mobilizing idle saving in the country can meet the capital development requirements from within the country.The country will thus have to rely less on foreign capital for financing in the development projects. 15 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 3 â€Å"INTRODUCTION TO ZTBL† 3. 0 INTRODUTION The Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited is the leading, premier and specialized financial institution geared t owards the development of agriculture, industrial and SME sector, by providing financial products, services and loans for their customers.The restructuring plan is being carried out with the aim to uplift the agriculture and rural sector by raising the productivity, streamlining the institutional credit and increasing income generating capacity of the farming community. The ZTBL was incorporated as the public limited company on 14th December, 2002 through repeal of the ADB Ordinance of 1961. The ZTBL provides financial and technological services to the agriculturalist at their doorstep for modernization of agriculture sector in Pakistan.The main purpose of the ZTBL is to provide sustainable rural finance and services particularly to small farmers and low-income households to strengthen the rural and agricultural 16 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report sector, mitigate poverty, capital ma rket and investment activities. The core values of the ZTBL is the professional integrety, teamwork, customer satisfaction and loyalty. The ZTBL has a one subsidiary which is known as the Kissan Support Services Limited. The bank can charge 9% interest.The auhorized capital of the ZTBL is Rs. 25,000,000,000. This amount is dividend into Rs. 2,500,000,000 ordinary shares & the price of each shares is ten rupees. The total number of shares of the ZTBL is Rs. 1,186,961,000 and paid up capital is Rs. 11,869,612,000 of the ZTBL. The ZTBL has one chairman, one president and ten directors. The tatal number of employees is 5,326, while 982 employees is provided by the KSSL. The ZTBL make investment in some listed companies such as Nestle Milkpak Limited, Uqab Breeding Farm Limited, Mubarik Dairies Limited & Dadabohy Agriculture Leasing Limited in order to generate profit. . 1 HISTORY OF ZTBL It was considered after independence of Pakistan that the existing institutional sources of credit, such as, taccavi and cooperatives, were insufficiently meeting the credit needs of farmers. Therefore the need for establishment of a third source of agricultural credit was essentially percolated so as to fulfil the credit requirements of farmers not only for production but even for the development purposes. Consequently, the ADFC was brought into existence in 1952 for the purpose of expanding financial facilities and promoting the development and modernization of agriculture in the Pakistan.Subsequently in 1957, the ABP was established that can provide both short term loan for production and long term loan for development. The ADFC & ABP were merged together as the ADPB in 18th February 1961. The ADPB is the main credit supplier to the agriculture sector in the country. According to the â€Å"Companies Ordinance 1984†, the ZTBL was incorporated as a the public limited company on 23th October, 2002. The ZTBL is governed by Memorandum and Article of Association and registered with the SECP under â€Å"Companies Ordinance 1984†.Consequently, on 18th November, 2002, all the assets, contracts, 17 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report liabilities, proceedings and undertakings of the ADBP were transferred and vested in the ZTBL on 14th December, 2002 by the Federal Government. 3. 2 CORPORATEAVISION To develop and operate the ZTBL as a commercially viable bank with focus on rural and agriculture finance and to serve the needs of community, by delivering financial products and services. farming 3. 3 CORPORATE MISSIONTo play an effective role in the promotion of economic growth, by enhancing the availability of credit to the agriculture sector, through reliable access to sustainable financing, special lending programs, technical assistance, products & services, and to promote career development opportunities for increasing professionalism, technical proficienc ies & trainings of employees. 3. 4 ? CORPORATE OBJECTIVES To assist rural community, particularly the small farmers, in raising their productivity and income levels through timely delivery of credit, advisory and ancillary services.To build the image of the ZTBL as a proactive, client friendly, financially & operationally sustainable with indigenous product deployment. ? ? To establish and provide backward and forward linkages to strengthen the agriculture and industrial sector. ? The ZTBL can engage in public and private, wholesale and retail partnership to deepen outreach and reduce operating cost. The ZTBL act as rural commercial bank to mobilize rural capital formation and to commercialize the agriculture sector by delivering the true value of credit to the client. ? 18 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 5 RESTRCTURING PLAN OF ZTBL The restructuring means activity involving expan sion or contraction of a organization’s operations or changes in its assets and financial structure. The restructuring plan of the ZTBL covering the following factors; 1. 2. 3. Governance: The ZTBL establish an environment that facilitates good governance and accountability. Systems: The ZTBL modernize operations through use of technology, networking and communication tools. Business Processes: The streamline products and delivery systems of the ZTBL are to educe transaction costs, simplify operations, and increase outreach. 4. 5. 6. Products and Services: The ZTBL introduce products and services that are financially and economically viable. Human Resource Development: The ZTBL can improve standards and skills of staff & management and strengthen training capacity. Information Technology: The ZTBL establish new hardware and software platform to support the MIS, accounting system including forensic accounting, and risk management functions. 3. 6 BOARD OF DIRECTORS The ZTBL has one chairman, one president and ten directors. The seven eetings of the board are held during each year. The main resposibility of the BOD is to establish and maintain a system of internal control, prepare and present the financial statements with aproved accounting standard and requirement of the ‘’Banking Companies Ordinance, 1962’’ and the â€Å"Companies Ordinance 1984†. The new corporate structure redefines the bank's status as the Public Limited Company registered under â€Å"Companies Ordinance 1984†, with an independent BOD which 19 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd.Chapter 1 Introduction to Report aims at ensuring good governance, autonomy, delivering high quality. The list of the BOD is given as under; â€Å"List of Board of Director† 3. 7 COMMIITTEES & ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF ZTBL The overall management, functions, meetings of the ZTBL is control by two com mittees known as â€Å"Board & Management Committees†. The sub-committees of these two committees is explain as under; 3. 7. 1 Board Committees 1. Audit Committee: This committee has one chairman, four members that are the directors of the ZTBL and one secretary from the Audit Department.The designation of secretary is the â€Å"Chief Internal Auditor† of Audit Department. 2. Human Resource Management (HRM) Committee: This committee has one chairman & president of the ZTBL, four members that are the directors of the ZTBL and one secretary from the HRM Department. The designation of secretary is the â€Å"Head† of the HRM Department. 3. Risk Management Committee: This committee has one chairman & three members that are the directors of the ZTBL. But one member designation is 20 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd.Chapter 1 Introduction to Report the risk manager. But in risk management committee, the company secretary act as member and secretary as well. 4. Information Technology(IT) Committee: This committee has one convener & two members that are the directors of the ZTBL. One member is from IT Department & his designation is the Chief information officer. While one secretary (Head) of IT Department. 3. 7. 2 Management Committees 1. Assets Liabilities Management Committees: This committee has one convener (CEO) & three members. The designation of the first member is the SEVP of Operation Department.The designation of the second member is the risk manger. But the third member (Chief Financial Officer) act as member and secretary as well. 2. Executive Coordination Committee: This committee has one convener (CEO), one secretary (Compliance Officer) & three members. The designation of the first member is the SEVP. The designation of the second member is the EVP. The designation of third member is the risk manger. 3. 7. 3 Organization Structure of ZTBL: The organizational structur e of the ZTBL is shown in below diagram; 21 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 8 ZONAL OFFICE AND BRANCHES In public sector, the ZTBL is largest financial development institution with a wide network of 25 zonal offices and 342 branches in the Pakistan. The network of the ZTBL Head Office is given as under; 3. 9 RANKING OF STAFF MEMBERS 22 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report The ranking of staff members in order of seniority in the ZTBL is given as under; 23 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 3. 10 SUBSIDRAY The ZTBL has one subsidiary which is known as the â€Å"Kissan Support Services Limited†. It was incorporated as owned subsidiary of the ZTBL that function independently effective from 1st January 2006. The KSSL is a separate and distinct legal entity that is controlled by the ZTBL. The KSSL has an authorized capital of Rs. 100 million. Its aim is to provide a support to the management of the ZTBL such as to focus on core banking business and assign non-core activities.The KSSL operates under the Memorandum and Article of Association. The KSSL also provide support staff and services to the ZTBL in the following areas; I. The KSSL has recruited and developed support staff of following table categories in ZTBL, Head Office as will as in field offices; No. of Employees S. No. Category of Employees Provided By KSSL 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Darbans and Armed Guards Drivers Naib Qasids Mali / Beldars Typists, Assistants & Senior Assistants Security Supervisor Sweepers Players Others Total 526 291 54 25 41 03 07 20 15 982 ll.Besides manpower support a service, the KSSL has also provided following support services to the ZTBL; ? Provide mail management, repairing, maintenance & photographing services to ZTBL ? Recruitment and provision of staff ? Provides farms and the ZTBL Staff College. 24 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? Provide security services not only to the ZTBL Head Office but also to branches and zonal offices. CHAPTER 4 â€Å"PRODUCTS & SERVICES OF ZTBL† 4. 0 INTRODUCTIONThe ZTBL has provided many products and services for their customers. The product and services of the ZTBL can raise the living standard of rural areas and develop the agriculture sectors of a country as well. The Pakistan is an agriculture country and the products and services of the ZTBL plays very important role in increasing the GDP and accelerates economic growth. For this purpose, the ZTBL provides many facilities for their customers, such as provides schemes and loans, obviously help the customers to invest money in their businesses, to get maximum p rofit from it and to pay low interest rates. . 1 SCHEMES OF ZTBL The ZTBL provides various schemes for customers, in order to strengthen the rural and agricultural sector of econnomy, mitigate poverty and accelarte groth. The Schemes of the ZTBL is which is briefly explains as under ; 4. 1. 1 Sairab Pakistan Scheme: The ZTBL can raise the irrigated area for the purpose to accelerate rate economic growth and to facilitate the farmers. The ZTBL has assigned the collaboration agreement with the KSB Pumps Company Limited under the Sairab Pakistani Scheme.The ZTBL will provide loans to the farmers for installation of tube wells and turbines whereas KSB Pumps Company Limited will provide quality pumps, turbines, equipments to borrowers for efficient pumping of waters. The water can plays vital role to improve per acre yield. Out of total 31 million hectors area of the Pakistan, 22 million hectors is cultivated while 9 million 25 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Scienc e & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report hectors is not cultivated & waste mainly due to non-availability of water.More over increase in water supply being a key input is required to raise cropping intensity and hence the income of the farmer. Since inception the ZTBL financed over 143000 tube wells amounting to Rs. 15 billion. The KSB Pumps Company will provide quality machinery and equipment for efficient pumping of water. The company shall also provide after sale service including replacement of parts and availability of spares through its network of dealers despite technological advancements and rapid growth of industrial sector, agriculture is still the back bone of the Pakistan's economy.It contributes 22% towards the GDP and employs nearly 45% of country's labor force. It provides raw material for preparation of industrial products. So it has both pulled & pushes effect on the economy. 4. 1. 2 Supervised Agriculture Credit Scheme: Under this s cheme agriculture loans are given for short, medium and long term loans up to Rs. 1 million per borrower. The loans are sanctioned for fats, livestock, orchard, tractor, agricultural machinery, tube well and irrigation facilities.Under the scheme besides provision of credit, information is to the farmers for planning the farm, production, guidance for implementation of the scheme, marketing and repayment of loans. 4. 1. 3 White Revolution Scheme: In order to modernize the dairy farming for increasing milk supply, mitigate poverty in Pakistan, and improving the living standards of the rural areas in Pakistan for the purpose to achieve growth and development in agriculture sector of Pakistan, the ZTBL may start the â€Å"Strategic Partnership† agreement with the Pakistan Development Diary Company (PDDC) and the Nestle Pakistan Limited (NPL) under the white revolution scheme.Under this participatory approach, the diary sector would be modernized with a view to increase milk supp ly, mitigate poverty and improve the living standard of the rural population. The ZTBL has earmarked funds to the tune of Rs. 5000 millions for financing of 50,000 animals (buffaloes and imported cows) during the five years period 2007 to 2011. The 26 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report PDDC will also help the ZTBL in the selection of clients and processing of loan cases.Initially the schemes will be for modernization of 5000 farmers during 5 years period involving Rs. 700 million. Under the scheme 1000 farms would be covered on yearly basis. The modernization of dairy farm will be carried out through financing milk cooling tank, generator, voltage stabilizer, hot water geezer, water pump, cooling pad and other dairy equipment. There would be maximum limit of loan of Rs. 1 million per borrower party. The PDDC would bear the entire amount of mark-up charged in the loan cases & provided t he 50% of principal part of loan is repaid in time by the borrower.The remaining 50% amount of principal along with the amount of mark-up would be paid by the PDDC. The Nestle Pakistan Limited would help to select and identify good clients for the ZTBL to improve quality breed of foreign and local dairy animals. The NPL can provide technical guidance to the farmers through nestle veterinary doctors. The NPL would purchase milk through its network and make weekly payments of milk sale to the ZTBL for the adjustment of loan. 4. 1. 4 Micro Credit Scheme: This Scheme has been launched since 15th July, 2000 for the uplift of rural poor.The landless poor such as; tillers, harries and small land owners having land not exceeding 2 acres may avail loan under Micro Credit Scheme. It is operational in all branches of the ZTBL through all the Mobile Credit Officers. Both, men and women may obtain loans under the scheme as an individual or as a member of group of 5-10 members. The minimum credit limit is Rs. 5,000 while maximum credit limit is Rs. 25,000. One hundred and thirty six income generating activities or cottage industry items have been identified for lending under the scheme.The loan may be advanced against one surety with 50% solvency of the assessed value of property owned by the guarantor or security of tangible property. Being small loans involving high cost 18% per annum mark-up is charged, whereas 2% rebate is given on timely repayment. All loans under these Schemes are recoverable within 18 months after disbursement of loan. 27 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 4. 1. 5 Zarkhaiz Scheme (One Window Operation): For timely and conveniently rovision of credit to purchase inputs, loans is provided to the borrowers under this scheme being conducted twice a week during Rabi & Kharif seasons. All the related departments such as revenue, agriculture, post office†¦. etc. attend the focal points which are established at convenient places. The farmers get their pass books prepared and loan applications processed on the same day whereas sanction payments are made within three days at branch. For Rabi crops, one window operation from October to January and for Kharif crops from April to September each year which is extendable as per requirement of particular area. 4. . 6 Sada Bahar Scheme: For providing timely input loans for crops and working capital for poultry and fishery etc, the ZTBL has launched a Sada Bahar Scheme. This scheme is also known as â€Å"Revolving Finance Scheme†. The assessment for inputs requirements for the whole year is made at the time of first application. The amount so assessed is treated as revolving limit provided it is within the security limit. The managers are authorized to sanction such loan limits up to Rs. 5 Lake. The salient features of the scheme are given as under: 1. 2. 3. 4. Revolving Credit Limit is fixed to cater production credit and ancillary equirements of the farmers during one year period. The borrowers can draw the credit in lump sum or in installments according to his requirement. The borrowers can repay in lump sum or in installments during the year when his cash position allows him. The Pass Book containing transactions in his account is supplied to every borrower free of cost. 4. 1. 7 Tea Financing Scheme: In order to increase the tea cultivation in Mansehra, Swat, Mutta and Dir in Malakand Division, the tea financing scheme has been introduced which would not only save the hard earned foreign exchange but would 8 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report also help to improve the socio-economic condition and living standard of the inhabitants of the area. The salient features of the scheme are given as under: 1. 2. The maximum credit ceiling of Rs. 60,000 per acre has been fi xed. All the farmers owing land up to five acres are eligible to avail loans. 3. The amount of credit will be given in three installments; the first year installment is Rs. 30,000, second year installment is Rs. 5,000 and installment is year Rs. 15,000. 4. The credit would be repayable within 11 years with 6 years grace period with prescribed markup of 9% per annum. third 4. 2 LOANS OF ZTBL The ZTBL provides loans for the development and growth of rural areas and uplift of farm activities. The loans of ZTBL are briefly explained as under; 4. 2. 1 Production Loans: These loans are given to farmers for seed, fertilizer, pesticides, labor charges†¦etc. to grow crops and vegetables including working capital for poultry, dairy, orchard and fishery and are recoverable within one and half year.The amount of disbursement of production loan, at the end of December 31, is 50,222 million for overall four provinces. The example of production loans items are given as under; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 . 7. Seeds, fertilizers and fuel Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides manual sprayers Poultry feed, chicks and medicines Hire charges of farm power Water charges and electric charges for tube well Production loan for growth of mushroom Hired labor, water rates & fuel wood for tobacco curing 29 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report . 2. 2 Development Loans: The loans for purchase of items like farm machinery, tractors, irrigation, land development, orchard, green houses, dairy, poultry, fishery, livestock, farming†¦.. etc are recoverable up to one to eight years. The amount of disbursement of development loan is 5,690 million at the end of 2007, for overall four provinces. However, the provinces wise disbursement of loans & its percentages at end of 31st December, 2007 is given as under; S. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Provinces Panjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Disbursement of Loans ( Rupees) 44,3 27,000,000 7,384,000,000 3,802,000,000 99,000,000 age 79. 50% 13. 20 6. 80 0. 20 Moreover, the term wise disbursement of loans of bank is on short, medium and long term basis. I. The short term loans are also called production loans having maturity period is one year. These loans are given to farmers for seed, fertilizer, pesticides, labor charges†¦etc. to grow crops and vegetables. These loans are recoverable in lump sum commencing after the harvest or marketing of respective crops. II. Medium term loans are for development and advance purposes the examples of these loans are dairy farming and livestock.The installments of these loans are made on monthly, biannually and annually basis and the recovery or maturity period is 5 years. III. The long term loans are for tractor, agricultural machinery, poultry farming, and orchard. The installments of these loans are made on monthly, biannually and yearly basis and the maturity period is 8 years and above. â€Å"Summary of Term Wis e Disbursement of Loans† S. No. 1. 2. 3. Term wise Disbursement of Loans Short Term Loan (Production Loans) Medium Term Loan (Development Loans) Long Term Loan (Development Loans ) Maturity 2months 5 years 8 years %age 89. 80% 3. 40 6. 80 30 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report 4. 3 RECOVERY PROCEDURE OF LOAN The recovery procedure of the ZTBL loan is to carried and taken by three steps such as recovery schedule, issuance of notice and legal action which is briefly explain as under; 4. 3. 1 Recovery Schedule: The recovery schedule in each loan case as per terms of sanction of loan is fixed and communicated to the borrowers after disbursement of loan.In case of default or failure in repayment of any installment on due date the mark-up shall continue to be charged and last installment due to this may differ from the amount of installments fixed at the time of disbursement. 4. 3. 2 Is suance of Notice: The ZTBL can issue notice for recovery of loan which is known as â€Å"Demand Notice†. It is issued before the due date of every installment. A legal notice is issued one month after the due date informing the borrower that if the amount is not repaid within next one month, further legal action will be taken to recover the dues. 4. 3. Legal Action: The legal action can be initiated against the defaulter if loan is not repaid even after expiry of legal notice period. Where the court in bank's favor has decreed a case, account is to be settled by recovery of amount from the auction of the mortgaged property. The bank may purchase the mortgaged property if considered feasible to dispose it off later on through auction or in any manner deemed fit for getting the best price. The bank may dispose off the mortgaged properties of defaulters for satisfaction of its dues with out intervention of courts under â€Å"Financial Institutions Ordinance 2001†. 1 Insti tute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 5 â€Å"FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION† 5. 0 INTRODUCTION OF THE FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION The Finance and Accounts Division of the ZTBL is responsible for handling the financial affairs and keeping the records of all the transactions, preparation of accounts, financial statements and budgets and to manage, distribute and reconcile funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL.Moreover this division acts as the backbone for the bank, in order to strengthen the rural and agricultural sector of Paksitan, to manage funds, mitigate poverty, capital market and investment activities. The main aim and responsibility of this division is to make policies, planning, mobilization and administration of the bank's financial resources such as products and services. This division provides schemes and loans for small and large farmers. By 32 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report etting loans and register with schemes, the farmers can invest money in their businesses and to get maximum profit from it and to pay low interest rates. This division manages the bank’s financial relations with the objectives of providing loans to borrowers. The ZTBL lends money to the individuals or corporations for consumption or investment and charge interest on the loans. But besides this, finance is the science that deals with the funds management such as saving and lending money while account is a record of financial transactions for an asset or individual.In other words, an account is an arrangement between a buyer and a seller in which payments are to be made in future. In short, this division can a gain a tremendous importance over the other division in the ZTBL, through its functions and truly be called as the backbone for the bank, in order t o manage funds, mitigate poverty and increase the living standard of people of rural ares. 5. 1 FUNNCTIONS OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION This division mainly deals with concept of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. It also deals with how money is budgeted.However, finance works most basically through individuals and business organizations depositing money in a bank. The main functions of the FAD is given as under; ? To providing proactive financial policy, timely strategic financial planning and risk management. ? ? To managing the bank’s assets and liability portfolio. To prepare, prompt and accurate financial reporting and preparing audited financial statements for the bank's annual report. ? To overseeing internal controls in the processing of financial transactions accounts, budgets, and credit of the bank. To reconcile funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL. 33 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To administer, monitor and control the bank’s loan and portfolios, including management and disbursement of loans. To manage the cash inflows and out flows. To maintain a books of accounts. To coordinate and facilitate a business planning, budgeting and to formulate the budgeting estimates of revenue and capital expenditure. To manage and rectify the accounts of zonal offices and braches.To consolidate all the financial statements of zonal offices and braches, in order to make financial decisions. To prepare quarterly, semiannually and annual financial statements and its agenda for presentation to the Audit Committee and the BOD & also to prepare annual capital adequacy ratio for certification by external auditors This division ensuring that all financial obligations are met and collections are made. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5. 2 CLASSIFICATION OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION In order to classify the finance and accounts division of ZTBL, there are four epartments, which plays very important role in financial affairs and keeping the records of all the transaction, preparation of accounts, financial statements, budgets and to manage, distribute and to reconcile funds of all zonal offices and branches of the ZTBL Heads Office. The four departments & their sub unit of the FAD are given as under; 1. Central Accounts Department (CAD) ? Policy Unit ? Accounts Unit ? Tax Unit 34 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? Fixed Asset Unit (FAU) ?Pre-payment Verification Unit (PVU) 2. Head Office Accounts Department (HOAD) ? Payroll Unit ? Fund Unit ? Payment unit ? Intra Branch Transaction (Reconcilitation) Unit (IBTU) 3. Regulatory Reporting Department (RRD) ? Regulatory & Internal Reporting Unit (RIRU) ? Financial management Information Unit (FMISU) 4. Budget & Fund Reconciliation Department (BFRD) ? Budget Planning Unit ? B udget Analysis Unit ? Treasury Unit ? Fund Reconciliation Unit (FRU) 5. 3 HIERARCHY OF FINANCE & ACCOUNTS DIVISION 35 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report CHAPTER 6 â€Å"CENTARL ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT† 6. 0 INTRODUCTION OF CAD The CAD is abbreviated to Central Accounts Department. There are many accounting policies & procedures used in the CAD, In order to present the true financial position of he bank in financial statements, the accountants formulate the 36 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report accounting policies & procedures. This department maintains the actual or real accounts of the ZTBL.In this department, I was attached actually to maintain the real accounts which are assets and liabilities. They are responsible for both kinds of assets fixed and liquid assets and to maintain the depreciation accounts for all those assets acquired by the bank. In this department the balance sheet and profit and loss account is also prepared for financial year, to get the image in sense of profitability or loss and to make financial decisions. 6. 1 ? OBJECTIVES OF CAD Formulation & maintenance of the accounting policies & procedures with applicable accounting standards which ensure dissemination & implementation across the bank. Preparation of financial statements as per requirement of statue and to ensure the proper accounting of assets, liabilities, owner’s equity, income, revenues and expenses. 6. 2 ? FUNCTIONS OF CAD To issue the instructions relating to accounting policies & procedures and allocation of specimen signature numbers to the authorized signatories of the branches & maintenance of signature booklet. To notify the schedule of bank charges. To maintaining & updating of chart of accounts for recording of financial transactions. To prepare the periodic fina ncial statements of the bank & to deal with all related matters.To Issue the guidelines and instructions regarding periodicals closing of accounts and deductions of tax at source. ? ? ? ? 37 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & Technology Zarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To deal with all corporate tax matter & liaison with tax department, tax advisors, consultants†¦. etc The compilation of fixed assets schedule of the Head Office departments & branches. Follow up and collection of fixed assets schedule along with supporting documents from the ZTBL Head Office departments, zonal offices & branches.To coordinate with internal & external auditors and the SBP inspection team and to arrange credit rating of the bank. To conduct prepayment verification of sanctions pertaining to the HOAD. To perform administrative functions for the department such as, sanction of leaves & approvals for tour programs & travel allowance ? ? ? ? ? 6 . 1. 3 6. 1. 3. 1 ? UNITS OF CENTRAL ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT Policy Unit: To device accounting procedure regarding accounting in the Head Office and branches & to circulate revision of mark-up or return rate for compliance by the branches.To deal with management latter & executive summary. To coordinate with external auditors & to arrange payments to external auditor’s bills. To arrange compliance of internal & external audit observation relating to the accounting matters of the ZTBL Head Office, zonal offices and branches. To coordinate with other departments in the Head Office on policy matters. To maintains personal files of the employees, deals with their leaves & other administrative matters, such as policy matters relating to the operation of accounts. ? ? ? ? ? 38 Institute of Management Sciences, Kohat University of Science & TechnologyZarai Taraqiati Bank Ltd. Chapter 1 Introduction to Report ? To update the specimen signatures booklet for use of authorized signatories i n the ZTBL Head Office, zonal offices & branches. To prepare bank charges schedule & there circulation among branches and submission to the SBP on half yearly basis. To allocate new GLH for accounting purpose and issue instructions those are relevant to the books of accounts. To provide guidelines to the zonal offices and branches regarding rectification, settlement of accounting errors, audit observation and adjustment of suspense account.To arrange & coordinate with credit rating of the bank & provide information regarding credit rating of the bank. ? ? ? ? 6. 1. 3. 2 ? Accounts Units: To coordinate with concerned departments of is division for timely production of statement of affairs. To arrange compilation and merger of statement of affairs and it is also provide to auditors for auditing purposes. TO compile balances under relevant group of heads from trial balances for preparation of financial statements. To prepare list of abnormal entries & balances for rectification.To deal with all matters rel